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through Nurek’s HPS normal account flood with expenses of 5400 m 3 /sec inevitably lead to catastrophic sequences. Another example can be Kayrakum’s hydro – unit which safety and prediction of flowing regime to it existent raised due to building on upper flow of river Narin – Sirdarya’s cascade of HPS. The 3 – rd level: Changes of technical states, connected with changes of natural – climatic conditions. Here it is necessary to put as well as climate change, change of geological conditions. Besides changes of natural – climatic condition con be connected with their irregular estimation or under – estimation of some factors on stage of project. As examples underestimation of cars – rising in toil water of Nurek’s HPS and modern processes of course formation on GBAO rivers con be given. The 4 – th level: Changes of technical states, connected with change of planning and exploitation norms of hydro – technical constructions. Such changes are quite normal and determined by development of science and techniques and also world experience, gained in process of exploitation existent hydro – technical constructions. Here, first of all it is necessary to mention change of common approach to letting in flood trough constructions. With standards act at USSR for this purpose had been taken into account all water – outlets, including HPS turbines. Now, according to world standards there are only special water – outflows. It frequently lead to necessity of full reconstruction hydro – units and building in them new extra water – outflows. Now the standards of endurance and dam’s firmness accounts, including with taking into account seismic influence, are changed. The 5 – th level: Changes of technical states, connected with natural way out of constructions, shock – absorption main founds. These factors are well known and detail developed norms of their account exist. In our case the special interest has not total way out itself, determining by term of construction’s service, that good enough is conditional, but that part of it which can be liquidated at expense of it major repairs . the experience shows that real form of constructions service can be extended due to well – timed repairs. In power – system of Tajikistan the normal repairs are not realized during the last 10 year already. Of course the main reason of it is the hard economical � � � 474 statement of water – power complexes. The 6 – th level: Changes of technical states, connected with accidental situations. It is undoable the most dangerous level,. But unfortunately, it is not possible to avoid it now. It is shown particularly by all given above examples of accidents. No one of them is liquidated finally and all these construction are continued to exploration under the danger of further development of accidental situation. First of all it is connected with instrumental and natural observation after the constructions. The system of KNA establishing at building of hydro – units is not finished, up to now in mend cases automatized assembly and even initial processing of statistics are lacking. The serious technical analyses of them are not absolutely realized, since such functions were entrusted on specialized scientific and planning institutions of other GIS republics, connection with them has broken now. For adaptation of Tajikistan’s power – industry to sequences of climate changes is necessary for account all these levels of influence. In this case the determining role belongs to management and organizing forms. In this connection it is very important the question of carried out now in power – industry reforms, connected with transition to marked economies. Planned according to approvable by President of Republic of Tajikistan E. Sh. Rahmonov joint – stock and privatizing program of power – industry objects increases its competition ability and efficiency. But at this case it is important not to lose manageability and as consequence reliability of functioning. For this purpose in October 2000 the Ministry of power – industry was formed in Tajikistan. Its main objectives are to carry out state policy in area of power – industry control and management after all enterprises, interpedently from their form of property. The low on power – industry was passed in republic, the low on safety of hydro – technical construction is in stage of preparation. There are introduced the system of activity licensing in power – industry and experting of all projects. The question of introducing for enterprises declaration on safety is on agenda.
National Seminar on Rainwater Harvesting and Water Management 11-12 Nov. 2006, Nagpur 83. Water Harvesting and Management for Increasing Agricultural Production and Household Water Supply in Bangladesh *Dr. Md. Abdul Ghani ABSTRACT Bangladesh receives annually about 795,000 cubic meter of water through surface flow and about 2 meter (200 cm) from rainfall, which will bring the entire country under about 7.5 meter water depth if there was no flow to the Bay of Bengal. Therefore, Bangladesh does not need to be concerned for water management as total annual available water may be enough for year-round use. However, rainfall distribution pattern and onrush of surface water over the year, makes a complex water environment in the country and causes flooding almost every year sometime during June to September. During this period of the year, the country receives over 90% of surface flow and rainfall thereby affects assured harvest of most crops during October to April without irrigation and due to flooding during June to September. Therefore, the country is to deal with too much and too little water environments during certain time of the year and thereby faces challenges for water management for sustainable agricultural production, safety of infrastructures and safe water for household purposes. In this paper, water harvesting has been selected in place of rainwater harvesting intentionally as under Bangladesh context it is not possible to separate water volumes received from these two sources during June to September when the country receives about 90% of total annual water. Conservation and effective use of this huge water volume is very important for sustainable agricultural development and reliable safe drinking water supply over reaming period of the year. Through conjunctive use of ground and surface water, about 76% of the cultivable area can be irrigated of which about 60% are presently under irrigation. About 75% of the irrigated area use groundwater since the country does not have full control over surface water flow. Unfortunately, in recent years, water quality during the dry season is deteriorated due to arsenic contamination of groundwater and deserves immediate action for its mitigation. Rainfall distribution and surface water availability pattern, salinity in coastal area and arsenic contamination during dry months have become a limiting factor for supply of good quality water for drinking purpose in Bangladesh. With possible low cost treatment/ purification this can be solved specially during the rainy season (May to October). Conservation of excess water received during rainy season and effective use of rain water and infrastructure developed so far can play important role in improving water availability in dry season if comprehensive use of the facilities are ensured. Improved management at local and national levels through government and social interventions can solve the problem and can ensure clean water for all. In coastal area, increased salinity during the dry months (February to May) causes problem in availability of good quality water both for human consumption and for *Executive Director, Center for Research and Development, Eastern University and Life Fellow, Institution of Engineers Bangladesh (IEB), House 15/2, Road 3, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh. Telephone: (88 02) 9677523 & 8621419 Ext.301, Residence Phone (88 02) 9113832, Fax: (88 02) 9675981, E-mail: maghani@bdonline.com and maghani@easternuni.edu.bd 475
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National Seminar on Rainwater Harve
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once subsoil water starts draining
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The plantation process starts with
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DOLASANE , SANGAMNER RANGE I, SANGA
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Table 1. Present land use of waters
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the determination of specification
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Hydrological Parameters (mm) 140 12
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Drainage Engineering, 129(3): 184-1
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March to July, 2004 in the field si
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mm in 4 lph drip followed by 755.25
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Table 3 : Seasonal water use (mm) i
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pinnata) Aquatic plants are represe
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the base of the trench to assist dr
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SUDS (Sustainable Drainage Systems)
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Figure 3 : Cascade model of constru
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H eff = H R - H aq - H f ……..
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• Layers of gravel/media laid hor
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1.3 % annually, and the total energ
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Figure 1a. Schematic diagram of sol
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Figure 5. Cross-section of partitio
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Fig. 1 (a) - (d) : Water Level Soun
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farms and industries hope to get ad
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Geology of Area The area is a part
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ground water recharge, which includ
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Table - 3 : Salient features of the
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eing 6.08, pH value of AB 3 and AB
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Table 2 : Tolerance limit for metal
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CASE STUDY The Salem Municipality i
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After analyzing the characteristic
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1. Ash Pond water recycling System
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Poly Electrolyte Dosing RAIN WATER
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Canteen Waste Garbo-drain Bar Scree
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SERVICE WATER FOR SPAYING COAL CRUS
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In coastal areas of Gujarat, the vi
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Water diversion Channel The work fo
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04. Natural Water harvesting at Sol
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Work Done Storage No. of Area No. o
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