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National Seminar on Rainwater Harvesting and Water Management 11-12 Nov. 2006, Nagpur 78. Socio- Economic Upliftment of Farmers through Rainwater Harvesting at Dedag Watershed, Sirmour H.P. *Dr. Anirudh Manchanda *Dr. Pankaj Mittal *Dr. H.L.Thakur Abstract In Himachal Pradesh more than ninety percent of population lives in villages and earn its livelihood through farming. The farming in hills mainly depend on rainfall. Water in the hills is available through rain, snow, springs, surface flows and drainage courses. The hills of Sirmour receive 1670 mm as the average annual rainfall, still water is a scarce commodity in these areas, as more than 85% water is received during June-September, which goes waste as runoff due to inadequate harvesting and storage facilities. The excess rain water in shape of runoff takes away the fertile soil along with it. So in order to manage these natural resources watershed approach based on “community action” was adopted at Dedag under the National Watershed Development Program. The watershed is located at longitude 77 0 24’E and latitude 30 0 50’N with height varying from 1600-2348 meters above mean sea level in District Sirmour HP. The project has 570 ha of effective area from five villages supporting 145 families, with irrigation restricted to less than 15 % of the area. A Community managed system called “Jalagam Sangh” was constituted at watershed level, which helped in executing different modules through participatory approach. (a) Rain water harvesting from base or surface flow -The water source at Sanio contributed on an average 20-25 thousand litres of water per day under normal months but the discharge increased to 85-90 thousand litres per day during rainy season .This large volume of water resulting from rainfall was going waste .So, water storage and conveyance module was demonstrated to harvest every drop of water. This module has benefitted 55 families. (b) Rain water harvesting from roofs –The roofs of three houses were selected as catchments for the harvest of rain water at Dedag in the absence of natural catchments. The discharge from these roofs has been directed to a tank through PVC pipes and water yield of 2.0-2.5 lac litres is being harvested annually, which provides irrigation to 2-3 ha of land. This module has benefitted 6-7 families. The benefits and impacts of rain water harvesting can clearly be seen at watershed in shape of social-economic changes. The availability of water has been increased from 0.3 ha-m to 2.4 ha-m annually and as result an increase has been observed in the yields of Potato, Pea ,Garlic and Maize (20-50%). The incremental gains were highest under Garlic Rs 70,000/ha followed by Potato Rs 61750/ha, Pea Rs 18900 /ha and maize Rs 7000/ha. Where as the Benefit :Cost ratio was highest in Pea(7.24) followed by Potato (5.63) , Garlic (3.56) and Maize (2.14). Higher values of Crop Fertilizer Index under Potato(0.50,0.44), Pea(0.40),Garlic (0.37,0.40) and Maize(0.50,0.60) clearly indicate that the farmers have started using NPK and Urea fertilizers at rates *CSK, HPKV. Hill Agric. Research and Extension Centre, Dhaulakuan. HP, INDIA anirudh_3322@hotmail.com 436
anging from 37-60% of recommended doses. The higher values of Crop Productivity Index(58-87%) confirms the increase per unit area. The encouraging results of water harvesting have given confidence to farmers. They are now well organized in a system called “Jalagam Sangh”. The feeling of participation, cooperation and social justice can be seen among farmers. They are now governing the resources as per need, local rules and mutual understanding thus reducing social conflicts. These modules have given opportunity for women to participate in development programmes and have benefitted them by reducing drudgery and saving precious time. Women empowerment can be seen in the watershed as Ms Prem Lata is working as Watershed Secretary. General cleanliness and hygiene of village has also been improved. There is change in attitude, clothing and food habits. The people participatory index is also above 55 percent. Risk bearing capacity and financial empowerment can be seen in the farmers. Employment opportunities (1100 man days) have been generated due to different developmental works in progress. Economic equity is another positive point as weaker sections are being benefitted with wages and other interventions. The opportunities of livelihoods have also been increased. 1.0 Introduction Himachal Pradesh is a hilly state and situated in the lap of Himalayan ranges in the north- west of India. It is situated between 30 0 -22’-40" to 33 0 -12’- 40" N Latitude and 75 0 -47’-55" to 79 0 -04’22" E longitude (Anonymous,2002). Himachal Pradesh has twelve districts and more than 78 percent of cultivated area is rainfed. District Sirmour is situated at the south end and has its boundaries with Utranchal and Haryana state. As we move from valley to high hills in the district, we experience three different agro climatic zones (mid hill sub-tropical, mid hill-sub humid and high hill sub temperate zone ). In Himachal Pradesh more than ninety percent of population lives in villages and earn its livelihood through farming . They are mainly involved in agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry. The farming in hills mainly depend on rainfall. Water in the hills is available through rains, snow, springs, oozing water sources, surface flows and drainage courses. Major share of water is being used by agriculture followed by domestic and other sectors. The hills of Sirmour receive 1670 mm as the average annual rainfall, still water is a scarce commodity in these areas, as more than 85% water is received during June-September, which goes waste in the shape of runoff due to inadequate harvesting and storage facilities. The water resources in hills have high potential, which need harvesting on scientific lines to cater to the needs of hill farmers. The soil degradations is another problem in the hills as excess 437 rain water as run off takes away the fertile soil along with it. Agriculture production is the major livelihood concern of the inhabitants of fragile, complex, diverse and risk prone agro-ecosystem of the Himalayas. Stake holders of this region have poor resources , inadequate infrastructures ,marginalized farming situations and uncertainties due to rainfed conditions. Efficient utilization of natural resources is essential to accomplish sustainability and stability of food, nutritional and environmental securities (Mishra ,2001).The productivity levels in irrigated areas has attained a level and there is little scope for further increase. So, the opportunity lies in the development of rain fed areas . Rainfed agriculture is complex, diverse and risk prone and is characterized by low productivity and low input usage. The farmers of rainfed areas generally face scarcity of water as major problem i.e erratic and uncertain rains, which results in wide variation and instability in crop yields. So in order to have holistic and sustainable development of natural resources in rainfed areas “Watershed Approach based on community action” was adopted, which makes it an ideal planning unit for development and management of water and soil resources besides it also enables a holistic development of agriculture and allied activities. The main objectives of watershed approach 1. Natural Resource Development. 2. Farm Production System.
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National Seminar on Rainwater Harve
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once subsoil water starts draining
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The plantation process starts with
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DOLASANE , SANGAMNER RANGE I, SANGA
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Table 1. Present land use of waters
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the determination of specification
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Hydrological Parameters (mm) 140 12
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Drainage Engineering, 129(3): 184-1
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March to July, 2004 in the field si
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mm in 4 lph drip followed by 755.25
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Table 3 : Seasonal water use (mm) i
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pinnata) Aquatic plants are represe
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the base of the trench to assist dr
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SUDS (Sustainable Drainage Systems)
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Figure 3 : Cascade model of constru
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H eff = H R - H aq - H f ……..
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• Layers of gravel/media laid hor
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1.3 % annually, and the total energ
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Figure 1a. Schematic diagram of sol
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Figure 5. Cross-section of partitio
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Fig. 1 (a) - (d) : Water Level Soun
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farms and industries hope to get ad
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Page 57 and 58: Geology of Area The area is a part
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Page 73 and 74: CASE STUDY The Salem Municipality i
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Page 93 and 94: Conclusions The process of rainwate
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end uses and the intentional manage
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INTRODUCTION Indian water sector is
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ut definitely they are not substitu
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having the height greater than 50m
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ain. There is no conducive evidence
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chase food self sufficiency as a go
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REPORTB OF WORLD COMMISION ON DAMS
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