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high peaks in the Ghat region are in elevation from 1646m.amsl, Kasuli (Nasik) in the north through 1438m.amsl at Mahabaleshwar (Satara) in the central portion, 1024m amsl Panhala (Kolhapur) in the south. The elevation of drainage line varies between 600 to 900m.a.msl. at places. The other elevated ridges of the Deccan plateau are (ii) Satpura hill ranges at the northern bounder of the state (elevation 450-700m.amsl), (iii) Ajantha-Satmala- Buldhana ranges,located south of Purna –Tapi valley ( elevation range 900-450m.amsl), (iv) Balaghat range ( elevation600-900.m.amsl ) extends through higher elevation of Harishchandra and Maneghat through Ahemadnagar to Manjhira plateau in Beed and Latur district, (v) Mahadev Range extends from higher Plateau around Mahabaleshwar towards hill range of Sangli –Satara district. Hydrogeology: These hilly areas are predominantly underlained by rocks belonging to Deccan Trap 430 basalts & laterites except the southern part of Sahyadhri range which is underlained by Archeans and Kaladgis. The Archeans are represented by Dharwarian metasediments and granite gneisses with mafic and ultra-mafic intrusives. The Kaladgis rest unconformabily over the Archeans and are comprised of conglomerate, grits, orthoquartzites and shales. The metasediment and intrusives do not possess any primary intra granular opening and thus practically have no primary porosity and permeability .The major aquifers are granitic gnessies having secondary porosity developed by weathering and presence of joints/fractures. The Kaladgis are jointed in diverse directions and jointing along with weathered impart the water bearing property. The Deccan basalts are massive in nature and occupy higher elevations. They do not form good aquifers except when they are weathered, jointed and fractured. These are capped by laterite at several places. The joints, fractures
and weathering also control the water bearing capacity of laterites. Numerous voids and joints/ fractures present in laterites provide free flow of ground water whereas lithomargic clay acts as effective aquiclude. Perspective of the area These areas are characterized by inherently heterogeneous and low yielding formations either exposed on surface or under moderately thin cover of soil. The soil is generally fragile and prone to severe erosion from hill slopes. The soil is deep black having low permeability that can hold only a fraction of water that falls on it. The ground water recharge is mainly through fissures and joints in exposed rocky strata. Although some of the areas coincide with high rainfall (2000-3000mm), yet the high topographic gradient and massive nature of underlying formations generate a high runoff and less of ground water recharge. Thus, development of water table is not very pronounced. Water occurs only as a small under ground pool in the form of perched water table along the elevated regions. However, in moderately sloping areas, the development of water table is common, but of steep gradient. The steep gradient leads to outflow of significant quantity of ground water from higher level to lower level as effluent base flow into rivers. Thus, depletion of water level is very quick in dug wells as well as in bore wells, which results into water scarcity soon after the monsoon season. These adverse topographic and hydrogeological conditions are inconducive for ground water development. Hence, construction of dug wells and bore wells is not techno- economically viable. Measures to Tackle Water Scarcity The techniques and methods used to overcome water scarcity vary from region to region depending upon their specific problems, nature of terrain, climate, hydrogeological conditions etc. Some of the appropriate techniques in such areas are enumerated below; Rain Water Harvesting Rainwater harvesting is old concept as far as India is concerned. Our ancestors had been doing it according to the means available then. Nevertheless, slowly with the advent of tap water supply the 431 rainwater harvesting has lost its importance. As in areas where water scarcity has become a common feature due to inadequate availability of source water, rainwater harvesting has become most viable option. It is necessary to resort to long-term measures in harvesting the rainwater to meet the daily demand. Though the objective of water harvesting in most cases is to store water for lean part of the year it also imparts indirect benefits such as recharging drinking water wells and hand pumps. In hilly areas, where water harvesting has been practiced together with afforestation and other methods of watershed development and land improvement, desaturated aquifers have also been recharged and water is available in abundance from ground water sources. For the hilltop villages, especially those included in the list of tanker villages, the water harvesting system could be the best solution for meeting the water demand during the dry months by impounding water in reservoirs. The other alternatives, such as drilling or digging wells, are not appropriate. Various methods of water harvesting are feasible in hilly terrain are as discussed below. Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting This system is useful mainly for drinking water purposes. The system consists of three components i.e. collection of rainwater, conveyance and storage. In this system, rainwater falling on roof of houses and other buildings is collected and conveyed through a system of pipes and semicircular channels of galvanized iron or PVC and is stored in tanks suitably located on the ground or underground. The practice is in vogue at the individual household level in remote hilly areas with high rainfall and also in some areas of moderate to low rainfall. This type of tank storage is common in areas where under ground storage in aquifer is not feasible. Roof catchments have the advantage that they can be constructed directly near the users, if the roof is suitable for this purpose. The amount of harvested water depends on roof area and its nature, and rainfall regime. Masnory Storage Tank In hilly areas where rainfall is high and number of rainy days widely spread over long period, Masonry storage tank structures of various
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National Seminar on Rainwater Harve
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once subsoil water starts draining
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The plantation process starts with
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DOLASANE , SANGAMNER RANGE I, SANGA
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Table 1. Present land use of waters
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the determination of specification
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Hydrological Parameters (mm) 140 12
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Drainage Engineering, 129(3): 184-1
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March to July, 2004 in the field si
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mm in 4 lph drip followed by 755.25
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Table 3 : Seasonal water use (mm) i
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pinnata) Aquatic plants are represe
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the base of the trench to assist dr
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SUDS (Sustainable Drainage Systems)
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Figure 3 : Cascade model of constru
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H eff = H R - H aq - H f ……..
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• Layers of gravel/media laid hor
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1.3 % annually, and the total energ
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Figure 1a. Schematic diagram of sol
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Figure 5. Cross-section of partitio
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Page 51 and 52: Fig. 1 (a) - (d) : Water Level Soun
Page 53 and 54: farms and industries hope to get ad
Page 57 and 58: Geology of Area The area is a part
Page 59 and 60: ground water recharge, which includ
Page 61 and 62: Table - 3 : Salient features of the
Page 69 and 70: eing 6.08, pH value of AB 3 and AB
Page 71 and 72: Table 2 : Tolerance limit for metal
Page 73 and 74: CASE STUDY The Salem Municipality i
Page 75 and 76: After analyzing the characteristic
Page 77 and 78: 1. Ash Pond water recycling System
Page 79 and 80: Poly Electrolyte Dosing RAIN WATER
Page 81 and 82: Canteen Waste Garbo-drain Bar Scree
Page 83 and 84: SERVICE WATER FOR SPAYING COAL CRUS
Page 85 and 86: In coastal areas of Gujarat, the vi
Page 87 and 88: Water diversion Channel The work fo
Page 89 and 90: 04. Natural Water harvesting at Sol
Page 91 and 92: Work Done Storage No. of Area No. o
Page 93 and 94: Conclusions The process of rainwate
Page 95 and 96: Infact, these are ‘lessons’ tha
Page 97 and 98: we get our act together and make wa
Page 99: National Seminar on Rainwater Harve
Page 103 and 104: One relatively easy means of storin
Page 105 and 106: Ground Water Conservation Technique
Page 107 and 108: anging from 37-60% of recommended d
Page 109 and 110: given priority before implementatio
Page 111 and 112: was having potential to irrigate 15
Page 113 and 114: water, use of improved seed and bal
Page 115 and 116: the result of the success they have
Page 119 and 120: un off from one hill and conveying
Page 121 and 122: harvest will certainly solve the wa
Page 123 and 124: If the rain precipitation in a vill
Page 125 and 126: echarging , A study of world wide f
Page 129 and 130: these villages, the people themselv
Page 131 and 132: improve the quantity and the qualit
Page 133 and 134: The opinion of the public for the q
Page 135 and 136: in fact the base of energy in Tajik
Page 137 and 138: end of 80’s building of Roghun’
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Page 141 and 142: change waterness charge o Vakhsh m
Page 143 and 144: are following: a) Compound of const
Page 147 and 148: for subsequent use of water for irr
Page 149 and 150: years. These beels can also be conv
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ody through water conservation and
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contribute to increased fish produc
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Figure 1 : Map of Bangladesh showin
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end uses and the intentional manage
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INTRODUCTION Indian water sector is
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ut definitely they are not substitu
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having the height greater than 50m
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ain. There is no conducive evidence
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chase food self sufficiency as a go
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REPORTB OF WORLD COMMISION ON DAMS
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