THE SHE KING; OR, THE BOOK OF ANCIENT POETRY

THE SHE KING; OR, THE BOOK OF ANCIENT POETRY THE SHE KING; OR, THE BOOK OF ANCIENT POETRY

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180 THE BOOK OF POETEY. [PART I. BK XV. 1.1 THE BOOK OF POETEY. 181 BOOK XV. THE ODES OP PIN. ENOUGH has been said about Pin in the note on the title of Book i. There the chiefs of what was subsequently called the House of Chow dwelt for nearly five centuries, from B.C. 179(i to 1325. The first piece in this Book is accepted as a description by the famous duke of Chow of the ways of the first settlers in Pin, and hence the name of Pin is given to all the odes in it, though no other of them refers to anything that took place in that region. They were all made by the duke of Chow about matters in his own day, or they were made by others about him. The Ts'ih yueli; narrative. LIFE IN PIN IN THE OLDEN TIME ; THE PROVIDENT ARRANGEMENTS THERE TO SECURE THE CONSTANT SUPPLY OF FOOD AND RAIMENT,—WHATEVER WAS NECESSAEY FOR THE SUP PORT AND COMFORT OP THE PEOPLE. This universally accepted account of the ode is not without its diffi culties. Pin is not once mentioned in it. The note of time with which the three first stanzas commence is not a little perplexing :—'• In the seventh month, the Ho or Fire-star, i.e., the Heart in Scorpio, passes on ;" that is, passes to the westward of the meridian at night-fall. II has been urged that this could not have beeu the case if the year of Chow began with our December ; but the critics meet this difficulty by saying that in this piece, and indeed throughout the She, the specification of the months is according to the calendar of the Hea dynasty, and not that of Chow. This ma}' be granted ; but it only leads to another difficulty. Scorpio did pass to the westward in August, or the seventh month of the Hea dynasty, in the time of the duke of Chow,—say about B.C. 1114; but it did not do so in the time of duke Lew, or B.C. 1796. We are thus brought to one of two conclusions :—that the piece does not describe life in Pin about 700 years before the duke of Chow's time ; or that he supposed the place of the sun in the heavens, in the time of duke Lew, to have been the same as it was in his own days. I think we must adopt the latter conclusion, nor need we be surprised at the lack of astronomical know ledge in the great statesman. I adhere to the ordinary view of the ode, mainly because of the second line in the stanzas already referred to,—that clothes were given out in the ninth month, 'n anticipation of the approaching winter. This must evidently be in the ninth month of Hea, and not of Chow. Were the author telling of what was done in his own time, we cannot conceive of his thus expressing himself. Why then should we not translate the piece in the past tense, as being a record of the past ? I was inclined to do so. The 9th and 10th lines of the first stanza determined me otherwise. The speaker there must be an old farmer or yeoman of Pin, and the whole must be conceived of as coming from him. At the same time, it will be noted that there are two styles in the indi cation of the months. We have " the seventh month," " the eighth month," &c., and we have " the first month's days," " the second month's days," &c. The critics say that the dates in the former style are to be referred to the Hea calendar, and those in the latter, to that of Chow. They are probably correct. At any rate, I have in the latter case adhered literally to the text, or put in the pronoun " our." This long note may be excused, because of the interest attaching to the picture of life and manners in so distant an age. 1 The seventh month sees the Ho go down the sky, And in the ninth, the stores warm clothes supply. Our first month's days, the wind blows cold and shrill; Our second's days, winds hushed, the air is chill. But for those clothes, and garments made of hair, At the year's end, how badly all would fare ! Our third month's days, their ploughs in hand they take, And all the fourth the fields their home they make. I with my wife and children take my way, And to the southern acres food convey For those who toil. Appears th' Inspector then, Surveys the fields, and cheers the working men. 2 The seventh month sees the Ho go down the sky, And in the ninth, the stores warm clothes supply. The warmth begins when come the days of spring, And then their notes we hear the orioles sing. See the young women, with their baskets high, About the mulberry trees their labours ply! The softest leaves, along the paths, they seek, To feed their silk-worms, newly hatched and weak. For such, as longer grow the days of spring, In crowds they haste white southernwood to bring. 'Mongst them are some who grieve with wounded heart;— To wed young lords, from parents soon they part! 3 The seventh month sees the Ho down westward go ; The eighth, the reeds and sedges thickly grow. The months the silk-worms' eggs are hatched, they break The mulberry branches, thus their leaves to take;

182 THE BOOK OF POETET. [PAKT I. And where those branches stretch out far and high, Hatchets and axes on them boldly ply, While younger trees only their leaves supply. In the seventh month, the shrike's notes shrilly sound, And on the eighth, twisting the hemp they're found. Their woven fabrics, dark or yellow dyed, Are valued highly o'er a circle wide. Our brilliant red, the triumph of our art, For young lords' lower robes is set apart. 4 In the fourth month, the snake-root bursts the ear; The shrill cicadas in the fifth we hear. When comes the eighth, the ripened grain they crop, And in the tenth the leaves begin to drop. In our first month for badgers quest they make; The wild-cat also and the fox they take :— These last the furs for young lords to supply. Our second month, there comes the hunting high, When great and small attend our ruler's car, And practise all the exercise of war. The hunters get the younger boars they find; Those three years old are to the prince assigned. 5 The locust in the fifth mouth beats its thighs; And in the sixth, its wings the spinner plies. The next, we find the crickets in the field; Under our eaves, the eighth, they lie concealed; The ninth, they come and near our door-ways keep ; The tenth, beneath our beds they slily creep. The rats we smoke out; chinks we fill up tight;— And close each opening on the north for light, And plaster wicker doors; then each one says, " 0 wife and children, this year's toiling days Are o'er, and soon another year will come; Enter and dwell in this our cosy home." 6 For food, the sixth month, plums and vines they spoil; The seventh, the beans and sunflower seeds they boil; The eighth, they strike the jujube dates all down; The tenth, they reap the paddy fully grown, And with the grain make spirits 'gainst the spring, AVhich to the bushy eyebrows comfort bring. In the seventh month, their food the melons make ; BE XV. II.] THE BOOK OF POETKT. 183 And in the eighth, the bottle gourds they take. The ninth, in soups hempseed they largely use, Nor sonchus leaves do they for these refuse. Th' ailantkus foul, for other use not good, They fell, and then for fuel burn the wood :— 'Tis thus the labourer is supplied with food. 7 In the ninth month, the yards, now stript and bare, They for the produce of the fields prepare. The tenth month sees the carrying all complete,— Of early millets and the late, the wheat, The hemp, the pulse,—whatever grain we eat. This labour done, the husbandmen all say, " Our harvest here is well secured. Away To town, and see what for our houses there We need to do, to put them in repair ! The reeds we'll gather while we have the light, And firmly twist them into ropes at night. Up on the roofs we'll haste with these in hand:— Soon will the fields our time again demand." 8 Our second month, they, with harmonious blows, Hew out the ice,—housed ere our third month close. The following month, and in the early dawn, They ope the doors;—forth now may ice be drawn; A lamb being offered, after rites of old, With seallions flanked, to him who rules the cold. In the ninth month, the cold begins, with frost; The tenth their cornyards swept and clean they boast. Good spirits, in two vessels kept, they take, To help their joy, and this proposal make :— " We'll kill both lambs and sheep," they joyous say, " And to the ruler's quickly take our way. We'll mount his hall; the massive cup we'll raise, Made of rhinoceros' horn, and as we praise, Wish him long life, the life of endless days." II. The CJi'e-Tieaoti; metaphorical. THE DUKE or CHOW, IN THE PER SON OF A BIRD, WHOSE YOUNG ONES HAVE BEEN DESTROYED BY AN OWL, VINDICATES THE DECISIVE COURSE HE HAD TAKEN WITH KE- BELL1ON.

182 <strong>THE</strong> <strong>BOOK</strong> <strong>OF</strong> POETET. [PAKT I.<br />

And where those branches stretch out far and high,<br />

Hatchets and axes on them boldly ply,<br />

While younger trees only their leaves supply.<br />

In the seventh month, the shrike's notes shrilly sound,<br />

And on the eighth, twisting the hemp they're found.<br />

Their woven fabrics, dark or yellow dyed,<br />

Are valued highly o'er a circle wide.<br />

Our brilliant red, the triumph of our art,<br />

For young lords' lower robes is set apart.<br />

4 In the fourth month, the snake-root bursts the ear;<br />

The shrill cicadas in the fifth we hear.<br />

When comes the eighth, the ripened grain they crop,<br />

And in the tenth the leaves begin to drop.<br />

In our first month for badgers quest they make;<br />

The wild-cat also and the fox they take :—<br />

These last the furs for young lords to supply.<br />

Our second month, there comes the hunting high,<br />

When great and small attend our ruler's car,<br />

And practise all the exercise of war.<br />

The hunters get the younger boars they find;<br />

Those three years old are to the prince assigned.<br />

5 The locust in the fifth mouth beats its thighs;<br />

And in the sixth, its wings the spinner plies.<br />

The next, we find the crickets in the field;<br />

Under our eaves, the eighth, they lie concealed;<br />

The ninth, they come and near our door-ways keep ;<br />

The tenth, beneath our beds they slily creep.<br />

The rats we smoke out; chinks we fill up tight;—<br />

And close each opening on the north for light,<br />

And plaster wicker doors; then each one says,<br />

" 0 wife and children, this year's toiling days<br />

Are o'er, and soon another year will come;<br />

Enter and dwell in this our cosy home."<br />

6 For food, the sixth month, plums and vines they spoil;<br />

The seventh, the beans and sunflower seeds they boil;<br />

The eighth, they strike the jujube dates all down;<br />

The tenth, they reap the paddy fully grown,<br />

And with the grain make spirits 'gainst the spring,<br />

AVhich to the bushy eyebrows comfort bring.<br />

In the seventh month, their food the melons make ;<br />

BE XV. II.] <strong>THE</strong> <strong>BOOK</strong> <strong>OF</strong> POETKT. 183<br />

And in the eighth, the bottle gourds they take.<br />

The ninth, in soups hempseed they largely use,<br />

Nor sonchus leaves do they for these refuse.<br />

Th' ailantkus foul, for other use not good,<br />

They fell, and then for fuel burn the wood :—<br />

'Tis thus the labourer is supplied with food.<br />

7 In the ninth month, the yards, now stript and bare,<br />

They for the produce of the fields prepare.<br />

The tenth month sees the carrying all complete,—<br />

Of early millets and the late, the wheat,<br />

The hemp, the pulse,—whatever grain we eat.<br />

This labour done, the husbandmen all say,<br />

" Our harvest here is well secured. Away<br />

To town, and see what for our houses there<br />

We need to do, to put them in repair !<br />

The reeds we'll gather while we have the light,<br />

And firmly twist them into ropes at night.<br />

Up on the roofs we'll haste with these in hand:—<br />

Soon will the fields our time again demand."<br />

8 Our second month, they, with harmonious blows,<br />

Hew out the ice,—housed ere our third month close.<br />

The following month, and in the early dawn,<br />

They ope the doors;—forth now may ice be drawn;<br />

A lamb being offered, after rites of old,<br />

With seallions flanked, to him who rules the cold.<br />

In the ninth month, the cold begins, with frost;<br />

The tenth their cornyards swept and clean they boast.<br />

Good spirits, in two vessels kept, they take,<br />

To help their joy, and this proposal make :—<br />

" We'll kill both lambs and sheep," they joyous say,<br />

" And to the ruler's quickly take our way.<br />

We'll mount his hall; the massive cup we'll raise,<br />

Made of rhinoceros' horn, and as we praise,<br />

Wish him long life, the life of endless days."<br />

II.<br />

The CJi'e-Tieaoti; metaphorical. <strong>THE</strong> DUKE or CHOW, IN <strong>THE</strong> PER<br />

SON <strong>OF</strong> A BIRD, WHOSE YOUNG ONES HAVE BEEN DESTROYED BY AN<br />

OWL, VINDICATES <strong>THE</strong> DECISIVE COURSE HE HAD TAKEN WITH KE-<br />

BELL1ON.

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