Almere 2.0 floodproof - Delta Interventions

1 

Almere 2.0 floodproof 

An integral approach to the balance 

between measures on different layers 

of multi-layer safety 

P2 presentation 

1st mentor: E. Brandes 

2nd mentor: F.L. Hooimeijer 

External examinor: Ir. F.W.A. Koopman 

PBL internship mentors: J. Knoop & L. Pols 

25-01-2013 | Myrthe Vermoolen | 

Almere 2.0 floodproof

2 

Content 

Motivation/Problem statement 

Aim 

Research questions & Methodology 

Research outcomes 

Alternatives for the Southern Flevopolder 

Framework for comparative assessment 

Next steps

Problem statement 

In the NL there is a task for water safety 

And aslo a task of densification in the Randstad and major cities 

These 2 tasks overlap in Almere 

3 

25-01-2013 | Myrthe Vermoolen | Almere 2.0 floodproof 

PBL (2011). Climate adaptation in the Dutch delta: Strategic options for a climate-proof development of the Netherlands. Den Haag: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency.

Urban growth and urban pressure 

4 

De Jong, A. & Van Duin, C. (2011). Regionale bevolkings- en 

huishoudensprognose 2011–2040: sterke regionale contrasten. Den 

Haag/Bilthoven: CBS/PBL. 

25-01-2013 | Myrthe Vermoolen | Almere 2.0 floodproof

Urban pressure: Schaalsprong Almere 2.0 

5 

Gemeente Almere & MVRDV (2009). Concept structuurvisie Almere 2.0. Almere: Gemeente Almere/MVRDV. 


6 


Flood risk 

Confirmed by other studies 

7 

De Bruijn, K. & Klijn, F. (2009). Risky places in the Netherlands: a first 

approximation for floods. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 2: 58-67. 


Traditional flood control policies 

Historically we know different ways to cope with water (mounds, 

compartmentalization by levees; Van Dam, 2012) 

This has however grown into a purely preventive strategy 

8 

mounds 

Van Dam, P.J.E.M. (2012) Amfibische elementen in het omgaan met overstromingen: continuïteit en verandering. Amsterdam: Vrije Universteit. 

levees 


Need for alternative policies 

Water safety and the urban environment are closely related to each other, 

only we forgot to realize that, e.g. in VINEX-neighbourhoods 

Katrina (2005): learned that it cán go wrong, also afterward (people who 

could not escape, information not available) 

9 


Motivation/ cause 

Multi-layer Safety (MLS) in: 

National Water Plan 2009-2015 (NWP) 

Delta Programme 2013 (DP2013) 

10 


Areas of attention DP2013 

areas around the major rivers 

parts of the Rhine Estuary-Drechtsteden region 

Almere; might not be the best location for large scale expansion 

11 


Characteristics protection level Flevoland 

Robust dikes 

12 


Bossenbroek, J. C. (2012). Veiligheid Nederland in Kaart 2 - Overstromingsrisico in dijkringgebied 8: Flevoland. Lelystad: Consortium DOT/ Rijkswaterstaat Waterdienst.


Robust dikes 

Safety standard 1/4.000 (chance of exceedance) 

But according to recent study VNK 1/550 (chance of flooding) 

There is always a residual risk take a look behind the dike 

13 


Bossenbroek, J. C. (2012). Veiligheid Nederland in Kaart 2 - Overstromingsrisico in dijkringgebied 8: Flevoland. Lelystad: Consortium DOT/ Rijkswaterstaat Waterdienst.

Look behind the dike: what can go wrong? 

Layer 2: impact reduction 

Densification; programme 

Schaalsprong: +60.000 dwellings 

for +160,000 new residents, 

100,000 jobs 

Imporant infrastructure 

Vulnerable and vital facilities 

(non-self-reliant citizens, SARAinternet 

hub, hospital) 

14 

Potential social and 

economic damage 




Densification; programme 

Schaalsprong: +60.000 dwellings 

for +160,000 new residents, 

100,000 jobs 

Imporant infrastructure 

Vulnerable and vital facilities 

(non-self-reliant citizens, SARAinternet 

hub, hospital) 

Compartmentalization by 

Knardijk 

15 

Potential social and 

economic damage 



Layer 3: disaster mitigation 

Evacuation Plan Flevoland 

Imporant infrastructure: plans to lower A6 

Limited amount of bridges 

16 



Layer 3: disaster mitigation 

Evacuation Plan Flevoland 

Imporant infrastructure: plans to lower A6 

Limited amount of bridges 

Complex cauliflower neighbourhoods and 

access by roundabouts getting out of a 

neighbourhood takes at least 24 h 

Evacuating the whole Southern Flevopolder 

takes at least 60 – 150 hours (6 days), while 

warning time and time for preparation is 

max. 2 hours 

17 


Research Questions | MRQ 

What is the best balance between interventions in the 

built environment that enhance physical water safety 

now and in the future in the Southern Flevopolder? 

18 


Look behind the dike: what can we do? 

Current pilot studies for MLS are very strategic, large scale 

what could it actually really look like? 

19 


Look behind the dike: what can we do? 

Current pilot studies for MLS are very strategic, large scale 

what could it actually really look like? 

20 


Research Questions | SRQs 




1. Which urban and spatial factors influence physical water safety? 

2. Which interventions in these factors can reduce flood risk? 

3. To what extend can different types of interventions be distinguished? 

21 


Methodology | SRQs 

1. Which urban and spatial factors influence physical water safety? 

2. Which interventions in these factors can reduce flood risk? 

3. To what extend can different types of interventions be distinguished? 

Literature review (paper) 

Case studies 

22 


Case studies 

Amsterdam | IJburg Haveneiland - Steigereiland 

Zuidplaspolder | Westergouwe, Gouda 

Zuidplaspolder | Pilot study Moordrecht 

23 


24 






4. What is the specific context of the proposed measures, 

25 

and how can they be translated to several alternatives for the context of the 

Southern Flevopolder? 


26 

OUTSIDE POLDER 

NOT AN OPTION 

TEMPORARY AND 

UNPREDICTABLE: 

HARD TO TAKE INTO 

ACCOUNT WHEN 

DESIGNING 


Infrastructure 

requirements 

are same

Smart combinations of interventions favored alternatives 

0-alternative: What happens when it goes on with current practice? Pure 

prevention + Structure vision Almere 2.0 

Alternative 1: Superdike + compartmentalization (advice Asselman & Alberts, 2008) 

Alternative 2: Dike with controllable inlet + directing water through polder 

Alternative 3: Water retaining landscapes 

Alternative 4: Evacuation of citizens, floodproofing vulnerable & vital functions 

(advice Ruitenbeek, 2012) 

27 

Asselman, N. & Alberts, F. (2008). Compartimenteringstudie; casestudie Zuidelijk Flevoland. Delft/Lelystad: Deltares/Rijkswaterstaat Waterdienst. 

Ruitenbeek, M. (2012). Analyse waterrobuuste inrichting voor nieuwbouw en vitale & kwetsbare functies: concept eindrapport. Royal Haskoning DHV. 


28 

0-alternative: Pure prevention stategy + Structure vision Almere 2.0 

Pros and cons: 

+ Possibilities for water storage in 

Oosterwold 

+ Administratively less complex; 

separated responsibilities 

+ Less expensive? 

‒ Less exciting living environments 

‒ Less contact with water behind dike 

‒ Dependence on construction 

IJmeerlijn 

‒ Lowering A6 important 

evacuation route gone 


29 

Alternative 1: (Multifunctional) unbreachable dike + 

compartmentalization 


+ Combination with 

compartmentalization reduces 

amount of unbreachable dyke 

needed 

+ Takes away ‘bath tub’ effect 

+ Intensification inside safest 

compartment unifies split city 

+ Current built area also safe 

+ Connects to plan DUIN 

‒ Expensive? 

‒ Some parts too close to existing 

dike 

‒ Administratively complex (e.g. 

DUIN) 


Asselman, N. & Alberts, F. (2008). 

Compartimenteringstudie; casestudie 

Zuidelijk Flevoland. Delft/Lelystad: 

Deltares/Rijkswaterstaat Waterdienst 

30 


+ Takes away ‘bath tub’ effect 



Compartimenteringstudie; casestudie 

Zuidelijk Flevoland. Delft/Lelystad: 

Deltares/Rijkswaterstaat Waterdienst 

31 

“Based on a rough estimation of cost and 

benefits can be concluded that 

compartmentalization without additional 

measures is economically seen not an 

attractive measure.” 

“Bath tub effect” 


32 


+ Combination with 

compartmentalization reduces 

amount of unbreachable dyke 

needed 


33 

Alternative 2: Dike with controllable inlet + 

directing water through polder 


34 

Alternative 2: Dike with controllable inlet + 

directing water through polder 


+ Contact with the water spatial 

quality 

+ Link to water nuisance/ heat 

problem 

‒ In current built area problem of 

flood risk still exists 


35 



36 



+ Unique living environment 

spatial quality 

+ Possibilities for water storage 

‒ Raising all the infra is expensive and 

creates barriers 

‒ In current built area problem of 

flood risk still exists 


37 

Alternative 4: Evacuation of citizens + 

floodproofing vulnerable & vital functions 

Ruitenbeek, M. (2012). Analyse waterrobuuste 

inrichting voor nieuwbouw en vitale & kwetsbare 

functies: concept eindrapport. Royal Haskoning 

DHV. 

“The approach chosen for a water proof organization of a deep inner 

dike area is aimed at preventing victims and permanent damage. 

People in the area will all be evacuated. By enabling people to stay 

temporarily in the flooded area, time is won to be able to evacuate 

everyone. Preventing damage to buildings, infrastructure, dwellings etc. 


to reduce the recovery time after the flood.”

38 

Alternative 4: Evacuation of citizens + 

floodproofing vulnerable & vital functions 


+ Vital facilities will function during 

flood for evacuees 

+ Shelters accommodate people 

that could not evacuate in time 

‒ Raising all the infra is expensive 

and creates barriers 

‒ Flood duration 1 year 

eventually everyone needs to be 

evacuated; will they return? 


Besides flood risk, other climate related problems: 

Drought and soil subsidence 

39 

Streng, F. (2012). _MG_3247.jpg [Online]. Retrieved 8 January 2013, from 

http://www.flickr.com/photos/28834416@N02/8194200296/. 




Water nuisance 

40 

Waterschap Zuiderzeeland (2010). Waterbeheerplan 2010-2015 ‘Meer dan water alleen': gedeeltelijke 

herziening Waterbeheerplan 2007-2011. Lelystad: Waterschap Zuiderzeeland 







41 

Waterschap Zuiderzeeland (2010). Waterbeheerplan 2010-2015 ‘Meer dan water alleen': gedeeltelijke 

herziening Waterbeheerplan 2007-2011. Lelystad: Waterschap Zuiderzeeland 




The problems of a young city 

Monotonous, without identity 

42 


The problems of a young city 

Monotonous, without identity 

Split city, cores divided by too much green 

-> lifeless ‘city’ 

43 


Why MLS? 

Focus on prevention: water boards construct and maintain dikes, behind the 

dikes planners and urban designers develop land use plans, without 

worrying about flood risk; 

BUT there is always a residual risk 

Heightening dikes not always contributes to spatial quality of an area 

44 


An integral approach 

Illustrates the lack of integration between water management and spatial 

planning; 

Need for tool for planners and designers to ensure this integration. 

Current economic climate calls for different role of planner: flexible, no rigid 

blue prints 

45 






5. What criteria and indicators can be used to balance the different measures? 

46 

(for instance spatial quality, flexibility of implementation, cost-effectiveness; 

how to operationalize these criteria?) 


Methodology | SRQs 

5. What criteria and indicators can be used to balance the different 

measures? 

47 

(for instance spatial quality, flexibility of implementation, costeffectiveness, 

governmental complexity, possibilities to link to other 

climate challenges; how to operationalize these criteria?) 

Literature review (paper) 

Interviews with experts (e.g. Deltares, RHDHV, Province of Flevoland, Water 

board Zuiderzeeland, Gemeente Almere) 


Framework for comparative assessment 

48 






6. How do the different proposed alternatives in the Southern Flevopolder score on 

the multi-criteria analysis framework? 

49 

(taking spatial quality, flexibility of implementation and cost-effectiveness into 

account?) 






6. How do the different proposed alternatives in the Southern Flevopolder score on 

the multi-criteria analysis framework? 

(taking spatial quality, flexibility of implementation 

• Insert 

and 

alternatives 

cost-effectiveness 

in flood 

into 

account?) 

simulation models Deltares 

(HIS-SSM/SOBEK) 

• Expert panel of architects 

and urban designers 

Municipality of Almere 

50 


Planning 

Up to P2 the emphasis has been on research, done at internship PBL. 

Between P2 and P4 this will shift towards the design. 

51 


Expected end products 

R e s e a r c h 

I. Report on the different spatial interventions that reduce flood risk in the three 

layers of MLS, which will result into an overview of the measures per layer and scale 

level. 

II. Investigation on different criteria that should be taken into account when making a 

comparative assessment between alternative design solutions of interventions on 

different layers of MLS. This will result into a practical framework that can be used 

as a tool. 

I. A number of proposed alternatives that make the link from theory to practice. 

• A general strategy for the planned expansion of Almere 2.0 in (or outside) the 

southern Flevopolder, with defined key interventions 

• Development strategy or phasing plan 

II. Urban design for a key intervention of the planned expansion of Almere 2.0. 

52 

D e s i g n 


53 











54 












55 



56 

N.B. Water depth around IJburg < 2 m, whereas around Almere 3 – 4+ 

m 

Need much more sand, more expensive 

Markermeer is N2000 area, so need to improve ecology (€€) 


Zuidplaspolder | Westergouwe, Gouda 

57 


Zuidplaspolder | Pilot study Moordrecht 

58 


Zuidplaspolder | Westergouwe & Moordrecht 

59 

Interventions in layer 2 and 3 are possible, also in deep polders 

Due to economic crisis, large plans are put to hold: Westergouwe is 

developed in small steps of 500 houses at a time 

Flexibility in plans is important! 


Context of the Southern Flevopolder 

Layer 1: prevention 

60 

Safety norm 1:4,000 

Water system and 

flood defences 



Robust dikes 

Safety standard 1/4.000 (chance of exceedance) 

61 

But according to recent study VNK 1/550 (chance of flooding) 

Deep polder, bath tub 

Compartmentalization by Knardijk 

Flood duration more than 1 year 

Longest duration within the NL 


62 



63 


TEMPORARY AND 

UNPREDICTABLE: 

HARD TO TAKE INTO 

ACCOUNT WHEN 

DESIGNING 


Infrastructure 

requirements 

are same

64 


65 


66 


67 


68 


69 


70 


71 


72 

Images: Provincie Utrecht (2010). Handreiking overstromingsrobuust inrichten. Rotterdam: Beter Bouwen Beter Wonen. 


73 


74 



75 


76 



77 


78 



79 


80 


Image: DHV, De Urbanisten, Deltares & DRO (2011). De Waterbestendige Stad: Meerlaagsveiligheidbenadering toegepast op de regio Amsterdam. Amsterdam: DHV, De Urbanisten, Deltares, Dienst Ruimtelijke Ordening, p. 32

81 


82 


Asselman, N. & Alberts, F. (2008). Compartimenteringstudie; casestudie Zuidelijk Flevoland. Delft/Lelystad: Deltares/Rijkswaterstaat Waterdienst. 


83 


Compartimenteringstudie; casestudie Zuidelijk 

Flevoland. Delft/Lelystad: Deltares/Rijkswaterstaat 

Waterdienst 


84 

“Based on a rough estimation of cost and 

benefits can be concluded that 

compartmentalization without additional 

measures is economically seen not an 

attractive measure.” 

“Bath tub effect” 


Compartimenteringstudie; casestudie Zuidelijk 

Flevoland. Delft/Lelystad: Deltares/Rijkswaterstaat 

Waterdienst 


85 


86 


87 


88 


Image: DHV, De Urbanisten, Deltares & DRO (2011). De Waterbestendige Stad: Meerlaagsveiligheidbenadering toegepast op de regio Amsterdam. Amsterdam: DHV, De Urbanisten, Deltares, Dienst Ruimtelijke Ordening, p. 32

89 


90 


91 


Aim 

92 

G e n e r a l 

I. Apply multi-layer safety, with the focus on spatial interventions, in areas with a 

major development task 

II. Developing a framework as a tool for an integral approach 

for balancing different types of measures, based on their cost-effectiveness, 

impact on spatial quality, and flexibility of implementation 

C o n t e x t b o u n d 

III. Apply framework on different alternative designs made for the municipality of 

Almere and the Southern Flevopolder, 

to help decide how to facilitate the Schaalsprong Almere 2.0 in a flood proof 

manner 


People consulted between October 2012 and February 2013 

93 


Demarcation of the area 

94 




95 

Compartmenting 

elements 




96 

Other examples of 

measures already 

taken 


Vulnerable & vital objects/facilities/infrastructure 

97 


Breach near Almere, Knardijk sluices closed 


Layer 1: prevention 

98 

Breach near Lelystad, Knardijk sluices open 

Flooding scenarios 


Analysis | Water system 

99 


Analysis | Water system 

100 


Analysis | Infrastructure 

101 

Travel times 

Car & public transport 


Analysis | Infrastructure 

102 


Analysis | Built environment 

103 



104 



105 



106 



107 



108 



109 



110 



111 


Analysis | Landscape 

112 


Land turns into sea, and then into land again. 

Contours of NL past centuries modified by nature and man. 

113 


• Infrastructural interventions such as Afsluitdijk tamed the Zuiderzee, enabling 

Zuiderzeewerken; 

• Embankments tamed the river IJssel, enabled growth of cities along river; however also 

negative effects of channeling of rivers, such as increased peak flood flows. 

114 


115 

1700 1960 2012 2040 

• According to the high pressure scenario by PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment 

Agency until the year of 2040, the total of urbanized area will increase with 190.000 

hectares 

• The biggest growth occurs in the Randstad; the growth of cities along the IJssel remains 

stable 


Nog toe te voegen 

Analyse voorzieningen 

Onderzoeksresultaten DHV volledige evac + 2 e laag voor kwetsbare 

functies 

Governmental aspects; situatie + problemen superdijk 

Hoe nu verder: testen met overstromingsmodel Nathalie 

Hoe nu verder: Ruimtelijke kwaliteit met panel Gemeente Almere 

Wat heeft PBL hieraan? 

116 



Norm bebouwd: 1/100 (1/jr) 

Norm agrarisch: 1/50 – 1/80 

Natuurlijke duurzame oevers 

Regelbare stuwen 

Optimaliseren bemaling (gemalen elektrisch +4%) 

Meekoppelen waterberging RO nieuw bebouwd 

117

Almere 2.0 floodproof - Delta Interventions

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?