Technology Status of Hydrogen Road Vehicles
Technology Status of Hydrogen Road Vehicles
Technology Status of Hydrogen Road Vehicles
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APPENDIX 4<br />
SUMMARIES <strong>of</strong> PAPERS on HYDROGEN VEHICLES<br />
This appendix includes a summary <strong>of</strong> the technology concerning hydrogen vehicles at:<br />
! The beginning <strong>of</strong> the report, as comprehensively dealt with in DeLuchi (1989), “<strong>Hydrogen</strong> <strong>Vehicles</strong>: An<br />
Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Fuel Storage, Performance, Safety, Environmental Impacts, and Cost.”<br />
! The end <strong>of</strong> the report, as found in the Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the 11th World <strong>Hydrogen</strong> Energy Conference, June<br />
1996.<br />
These papers are referenced throughout the report, which is based on all available documents found in standard<br />
retrieval systems for the period 1989-1995. Additionally, relevant comments are included from 11th WHEC.<br />
However, other papers from 1996 were not consulted.<br />
DeLuchi, M.A. (1989), “<strong>Hydrogen</strong> <strong>Vehicles</strong>: An Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Fuel Storage, Performance, Safety,<br />
Environmental Impacts, and Cost,” University <strong>of</strong> California, USA, Int. J. <strong>Hydrogen</strong> Energy, vol. 14, No.<br />
2, pp. 81-130.<br />
To do justice, however rough, to this long article, we can only follow its chapters, extracting what seem the<br />
most relevant points for present purposes. The summary is necessarily long, because each chapter <strong>of</strong> the 49page<br />
article deals with a different aspect <strong>of</strong> the technology and economics <strong>of</strong> hydrogen vehicles, the only<br />
exceptions being the absence <strong>of</strong> GH 2 storage and fuel cells.<br />
DeLuchi’s own summary is far too short to be useful in the present context, but it sets the stage, and is<br />
therefore reproduced as follows:<br />
Abstract - <strong>Hydrogen</strong> <strong>of</strong>fers the prospect <strong>of</strong> plentiful supplies <strong>of</strong> clean transportation energy. This paper is<br />
a comprehensive review and analysis <strong>of</strong> hydrogen in efficient passenger vehicles. It addresses hydrogen<br />
production and distribution, on-board storage technology, refueling, vehicle performance and safety, the<br />
environmental impacts <strong>of</strong> hydrogen use, and life-cycle costs. The environmental impact analysis focuses on<br />
NO x emissions from vehicles, the environmental impacts <strong>of</strong> making hydrogen from coal, and the contribution<br />
to the Greenhouse effect <strong>of</strong> CO 2 emissions from the use <strong>of</strong> coal-based hydrogen. The life-cycle cost model<br />
compares hydrogen vehicles to similar baseline gasoline vehicles, and includes estimates <strong>of</strong> the total retail cost<br />
<strong>of</strong> liquid and gaseous hydrogen from coal and solar-powered electrolysis, the cost <strong>of</strong> fuel storage equipment,<br />
the cost <strong>of</strong> pollution control equipment, maintenance costs, other ownership and operating costs, and the<br />
external costs <strong>of</strong> hydrogen use. While there is considerable uncertainty about several important parameters,<br />
I conclude that under certain plausible (though not necessarily likely) conditions -low hydrogen fuel and<br />
vehicle costs, high nonmarket costs <strong>of</strong> gasoline use, and moderately strong efforts to avoid a Greenhouse<br />
warming- hydrogen vehicles could be the preferred highway transportation option.<br />
1. Introduction<br />
<strong>Hydrogen</strong> is a very attractive transportation fuel in two important ways. It is the least polluting that can be<br />
used in an internal combustion engine, and it is potentially available anywhere there is water and a clean<br />
source <strong>of</strong> power.<br />
.......<br />
The strongest hydrogen vehicle development efforts are in Japan and West Germany......<br />
This paper is a comprehensive review and analysis <strong>of</strong> the use <strong>of</strong> hydrogen in road vehicles.<br />
2. <strong>Hydrogen</strong> Production<br />
41