The sentence

B. The bare infinitive or the ‘-ing’ form; the to-infinitive
Verbs of perception: ‘Watch him draw/drawing’
1. We can use a noun or pronoun object + the bare infinitive or –ing after these verbs:
feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, perceive, see, smell, watch.
2. The bare infinitive generally refers to the complete action:
I watched a pavement artist draw a portrait in crayons. (i.e. from start to finish)
3. The –ing form generally refers to an action in progress:
I watched a pavement artist drawing a portrait in crayons. (i.e. I saw part of the action)
4. We often use hear, observe, perceive and see in the passive + -ing or a to-infinitive:
They were seen waiting. They were seen to climb through the window.
‘Have’ + object: ‘Have the next patient come in’
1. When we cause someone to do something for us, we use have + object + bare infinitive:
Have the next patient come in, please.
We may also use have + know, have + believe: I’ll have you know I’m the company secretary.
2. We use have + object + -ing to refer to intended results, and unintended consequence:
I’ll have you speaking English in no time. You’ll have the neighbors complaining.
‘(Not) to’, ‘so as (not) to’, ‘in order (not) to’
1. We use to, so as to and in order to to express purpose:
I went to France to learn French. I went to France so as to/in order to learn French.
We can also use the to-infinitive (not *so as to* *in order to*) to express sequence:
We came home after our holidays to find the house neat and tidy. (= and found)
2. We use not to for alternatives:
I went to French not to learn Spanish, but to learn French.
3. We use so as not to and in order not to to express ‘negative purpose’ (Not *to not*):
I shut the door quietly so as not to/in order not to wake the baby.
4. We use the to-infinitive after many verbs like appear, arrange, hope, ‘d like, and want:
He told me to phone home. I hope to see you soon. I want to travel abroad.
Note the difference in meaning between these negatives:
He didn’t tell me to phone home. He told me not to phone home.
C. Verb (+ noun/pronoun) + to-infinitive
‘He can’t afford to buy it’
Some verbs are followed only by a to-infinitive, not by –ing or that …:
e.g. can(‘t) afford, aim, apply, fail, hasten, hurry, manage, offer, prepare, refuse, seek:
He can’t afford to buy a car. (Not *He can’t afford buying/He can’t afford that …*).
‘He advised me to take out a loan’
These verbs always have an object before the to-infinitive:
advise, allow, entitle, forbid, invite, order, remind, (it) takes, teach, tell, warn:
My bank manager advised me to take out a loan.
98