The sentence
The sentence The sentence
Adverbial clauses of manner To say how something happens or happened, we use these conjunctions: as: Type this again as I showed you a moment ago. (in) the way (that), (in) the same way: Type this again in the way I showed you. As if/as though (especially after be, seem, etc.): I feel as if/as though I’m floating on air. I. The complex sentence: reason and contrast Adverbial clauses of reason 1. Adverbial clauses of reason answer the question Why? We often give reasons by using ‘joining words’ (or conjunctions) like because, as, seeing (that), and since. 2. We often begin sentences with as and since, [Compare since (time)] As (Since) it’s a public holiday, you won’t find many shops open. 3. We often use because in the second half of a sentence: Jim’s trying to find a place of his own because he wants to feel independent. We can always use because in place of as, since and for. We cannot always use as, since and for in place of because. Contrast (1) We can introduce contrast with conjunctions like although, considering (that), though, even though, even if, much as, while and whereas: Though I’ve had more than 20 lessons, I’m still not ready to take my driving test. Contrast (2) We can also introduce contrast with: - however + adjective or adverb: e.g. however small, however much. I intend to buy a CD player however much (or whatever) it costs. - no matter. e.g. no matter how much, no matter where, no matter how (show/showly). They’ll find him no matter where he’s hiding. J. The complex sentence: purpose, result and comparison Adverbial clauses of purpose with ‘so that’ and ‘in order that’ We can express purpose with so that and in order that. I spent a year in Germany in order that (so that) I might learn German. Note that it’s easier to use the to-infinitive instead of so that and in order that: I spent a year in Germany to learn German. 8
Adverbial clauses of purpose with ‘in case’ In case means ‘so as to be on the safe side’ and refers to the future. We use the simple present or should after in case: Take an umbrella with you. It might rain. – Take an umbrella with you in case it rains. (Or … in case it should rain) Adverbial clauses of result with ‘so … (that)’ and ‘such … (that)’ We can describe results with: 1. so + adjective (that) (= ‘as a result’): We were tired. We went to bed. – We were so tired (that) we went to bed. 2. such + noun (that) (= ‘as a result’): He’s a fool. He believes anything. – He’s such a fool (that) he believe anything. Adverbial clauses of comparison with ‘as … as’ We can make comparisons with as … as, not so (or as) … as and than: We use object pronouns after as and than: He’s as tell as me. He’s taller than me. Or we use subject + verb: He is as tall as I (am ). He’s taller than I (am). We use do, does or did to replace a verb in the simple present or simple past: He plays the piano as well as I (do). He plays the piano as well as his sister (does). You didn’t finish the crossword puzzle as quickly as I (did). K. The complex sentence: present participle constructions Joining sentences with present participles (‘-ing’) The present participle is the ‘-ing’ from of verb: find – finding. 1. We can use the present participle in place of and, so, etc. to join two simple sentences: I found the front door locked. I went round the back. (two simple sentences) I found the front door locked and went round the back. Finding the front door locked, I went round the back. 2. To make a negative, we put not in front of the –ing form: Not knowing his phone number, I wasn’t able to ring him. (= I didn’t know …) 3. Note how we can use being in place of is or was: I was short of money, I couldn’t afford to buy it. Being short of money, I couldn’t afford to buy it. The present participle in place of adverbial clauses We often use the present participle after a ‘joining word’ (or conjunction). Instead of: Since we arrived here, we have made many new friends. We can say: Since arriving here, we have made many new friends. 9
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Adverbial clauses of purpose with ‘in case’<br />
In case means ‘so as to be on the safe side’ and refers to the future. We use the simple<br />
present or should after in case:<br />
Take an umbrella with you. It might rain. –<br />
Take an umbrella with you in case it rains. (Or … in case it should rain)<br />
Adverbial clauses of result with ‘so … (that)’ and ‘such … (that)’<br />
We can describe results with:<br />
1. so + adjective (that) (= ‘as a result’):<br />
We were tired. We went to bed. – We were so tired (that) we went to bed.<br />
2. such + noun (that) (= ‘as a result’):<br />
He’s a fool. He believes anything. – He’s such a fool (that) he believe anything.<br />
Adverbial clauses of comparison with ‘as … as’<br />
We can make comparisons with as … as, not so (or as) … as and than:<br />
We use object pronouns after as and than: He’s as tell as me. He’s taller than me.<br />
Or we use subject + verb: He is as tall as I (am ). He’s taller than I (am).<br />
We use do, does or did to replace a verb in the simple present or simple past:<br />
He plays the piano as well as I (do). He plays the piano as well as his sister (does).<br />
You didn’t finish the crossword puzzle as quickly as I (did).<br />
K. <strong>The</strong> complex <strong>sentence</strong>: present participle constructions<br />
Joining <strong>sentence</strong>s with present participles (‘-ing’)<br />
<strong>The</strong> present participle is the ‘-ing’ from of verb: find – finding.<br />
1. We can use the present participle in place of and, so, etc. to join two simple <strong>sentence</strong>s:<br />
I found the front door locked. I went round the back. (two simple <strong>sentence</strong>s)<br />
I found the front door locked and went round the back.<br />
Finding the front door locked, I went round the back.<br />
2. To make a negative, we put not in front of the –ing form:<br />
Not knowing his phone number, I wasn’t able to ring him. (= I didn’t know …)<br />
3. Note how we can use being in place of is or was:<br />
I was short of money, I couldn’t afford to buy it.<br />
Being short of money, I couldn’t afford to buy it.<br />
<strong>The</strong> present participle in place of adverbial clauses<br />
We often use the present participle after a ‘joining word’ (or conjunction).<br />
Instead of: Since we arrived here, we have made many new friends.<br />
We can say: Since arriving here, we have made many new friends.<br />
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