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Tag questions 2: ‘You painted it yourself, did you?’ Tag questions can also be affirmative – affirmative. If our voice goes up on the tag, we mean ‘Tell me more’, etc.: She’s getting married, is she? (= I’d like to know more about it.) If our voice goes down on the tag, we express negative feelings like disappointment, disapproval or suspicion. We don’t usually expect an answer: I’ll get my money back, will I? (= I don’t believe it.) Echo tags: ‘Is he?’/ ‘He is?’ 1. An echo tag is a response, in tag form, to an affirmative or negative statement. affirmative negative He’s resigning He isn’t resigning. - is he? He is? - isn’t he? He isn’t? - He is, isn’t he? - He isn’t, is he? - He is, is he? - 2. If our voice goes up on the echo, we want more information: I’ve just won £500! – Have you?/ You have?/ You haven’t, have you? (= Tell me more!) 3. If our voice goes down on the echo, we confirm what we know or have guessed: I’m afraid he’s made a bad mistake. – He has, hasn’t he? (= I confirm what you say.) or we express anger, surprise, disbelief, etc.: I’ve got the sack! – You haven’t!/ You haven’t, have you? You have, have you? D. Additions and responses Additions and contrasts: ‘John can … and I can, too/but can’t’ We can add to statements or make contrasts in the following ways: statement parallel addition contrast John can speak French and I can, too. but I can’t John can’t speak French and I can’t, either. but I can. John speaks French and I do, too. but I don’t. John doesn’t speak French and I don’t, either. but I do. John can speak French and so can I. but I can’t. John can’t speak French and neither/nor can I. but I can. John speaks French and so do I. but I don’t. John doesn’t speak French and neither/nor do I. but I do. 84
Parallel responses: ‘John can …’/ ‘I can, too/So can I’ 1. We repeat the auxiliary and if there is no auxiliary, we use do, does or did: statement parallel response John can speak French. I can, too. or: So can I. John can’t speak French. I can’t, either. or: Neither/Nor can I. John speaks French. I do, too. or: So do I. John doesn’t speak French. I don’t either. or: Neither/Nor do I. 2. We often say So’m I, Neither’m I, Nor’m I, but we usually write them in full: So am I, Neither am I, Nor am I. Neither and Nor are exactly the same. ‘So have you’ and ‘So you have!’ Note the difference between: I’ve got a rash on my arm and so have you. (parallel! Addition) I’ve got a rash on my arm. – So you have! (confirmation or surprise) E. Question-word questions (1): ‘Who(m) …?, ‘What …? Form of question-word questions (except subject questions The word order of questions is: question-word + auxiliary + subject: statement: He is working. He arrives at 8. Yes/No question: Is he working? Does he arrive at 8? Question-word: Why is he wording? When does he arrive? (Not *Why he is working?*) (Not *When he arrive?*) ‘Who(m) …?’ as a question-word 1. Who(m) …? asks for the object of a sentence, usually a person’s name or a pronoun: statement: Frank met Alice. Question: Who(m) did Frank meet? – Alice. 2. Who(m) …? refers only to people and can be used to ask about masculine, feminine, singular or plural: Who(m) did you see? – Tim/Ann/The Robinsons. 3. We still use Whom …? in formal English, spoken or written, but we often prefer Who …? in everyday style: Whom did you meet at the party? (formal) Who did you meet at the party? (informal) 4. We often use Who(m) …? in questions with verbs followed by to or for: Who(m) did you give it to? Who(m) did you buy it for? ‘What …?’ as a question-word 1. What …? asks for a whole sentence: What are you doing: - I’m reading. Or for the object of a sentence: What are you reading? – ‘Gone with the Wind’. 2. What …? also combines with nouns: What book/books? What boy/boys? What girl/girls? 85
Page 1 and 2:
The sentence A: Sentence word order
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Verb + object + ‘to’ + noun or
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Noun clause derived from questions
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3. In sentences like: Our new secre
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Adverbial clauses of purpose with
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t 2. We sometimes use the past part
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Apostrophe s(‘s) or compound noun
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E. Number (singular and plural) (1)
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3. We still have a few male and fem
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Articles A. The indefinite article:
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‘The’ to refer to things that a
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2. Zero for: countries (Turkey), st
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C. ‘It’ and ‘one/some/any/non
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2. Verbs such as get up, sit down,
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Quantity A. Quantifiers + countable
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‘Not …any’, ‘no’ and ‘n
Page 33 and 34: ‘None of’ and ‘neither of’
Page 35 and 36: Adjectives A. Formation of adjectiv
Page 37 and 38: D. Adjectives after ‘be’, ‘se
Page 39 and 40: Adverbs A. Adverbs of manner Adverb
Page 41 and 42: ‘During’, in’ and ‘for’ 1
Page 43 and 44: F. Intensifiers ‘Very’, ‘too
Page 45 and 46: 2. If we begin a sentence with a
Page 47 and 48: B. Prepositions of movement and pos
Page 49 and 50: D. Particular prepositions, particl
Page 51 and 52: E. Particular prepositions, particl
Page 53 and 54: d. Please put these dishes away. (a
Page 55 and 56: 4. There are five groups of stative
Page 57 and 58: 4. Repeated actions with e.g. alway
Page 59 and 60: G. The simple future tense Some use
Page 61 and 62: The future-in-the-past Sometimes we
Page 63 and 64: Be, Have, Do A. ‘Be’ as a full
Page 65 and 66: There are some children at the door
Page 67 and 68: Compare: Have you/Do you have/Have
Page 69 and 70: - present form: He must be right. H
Page 71 and 72: 2. An ‘uncertain’ question may
Page 73 and 74: 4. We may use the past perfect of b
Page 75 and 76: 3. Had to shows that we couldn’t
Page 77 and 78: The form of ‘dare’ as a modal a
Page 79 and 80: The passive and the causative A. Ge
Page 81 and 82: ‘Get’ in the causative: ‘get
Page 83: I’ve seen no one/nobody. → I ha
Page 87 and 88: G. Question-word questions (3): ‘
Page 89 and 90: 2. We use ever after all question-w
Page 91 and 92: B. Type 2 conditionals Type 2 condi
Page 93 and 94: Direct and indirect speech A. Direc
Page 95 and 96: Pronoun and adverb changes in indir
Page 97 and 98: The infinitive and the ‘-ing’ f
Page 99 and 100: ‘I know him to be an honest man
Page 101 and 102: ‘I can’t imagine my mother (‘
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