The sentence
The sentence The sentence
‘I’d rather he didn’t’, etc. We generally omit the main part of the verb in short responses: 1. negative responses: Frank is going to buy a motorbike. – I’d rather he didn’t. I’ve told everyone about it. – I’d rather you hadn’t. 2. affirmative responses: Frank won’t give up his present job. – I’d rather he did. I haven’t told anyone about it. – I’d rather you had. 3. We do not have to repeat the mean verb in a complete sentence: You always go without me and I’d rather you didn’t . I. ‘It’s advisable …’ / ‘It’s necessary …’ ‘It’s advisable’ → ‘it’s necessary’: ‘a scale of choice’ We can way what, in our opinion, is advisable or necessary on a scale which shows how much choice there is. We use the following words to give advice or say what is necessary: 1. Should and ought to (= in my opinion it’s advisable, but there is some choice): You should see a doctor. You ought to vote in the next election. (= That’s my advice, but ignore it if you want to.) 2. Had better is stronger, even a warning: You’d better see a doctor. (= That’s my urgent advice. There may be consequences if you ignore it.) 3. Have to, have got to (less formal) and must (= in my opinion, you have no choice): You have to/have got to/must see a doctor. (= That’s the stronger advice I can give you. Don’t ignore it!) ‘Must’, ‘have to’ and ‘have got to’ 1. We often use must, have to and have got to in place of each other, but sometimes not. 2. We tend to prefer must: - when we refer to ourselves (with i/we): I really must weed this garden. - with you to express urgency: You must phone home at once. - in public notices, etc: Cyclists must dismount. - (= Can’t you stop yourself?): Must you interrupt? - pressing invitations or advice: You must come and see us. You must repair that fence. 3. We often use have to (or have got to) to refer to outside authority: I have (got) to pay my road tax soon. Expressing necessity in other tenses 1. Must can refer to the present or the future: I must speak to him today. I must speak to him tomorrow. 2. Must is not a ‘complete verb’, so we use have to to make up its ‘missing parts’: I shall/will have to phone her tomorrow. (or I must phone her tomorrow.) (future) I had to spend the day in a meeting. (past) I have had to tell you before. (present perfect) I am having to/I have been having to get up earlier this year. (progressive forms) 74
3. Had to shows that we couldn’t avoid doing something: I had to leave at six. (and I did) Should have shows we’ve failed to do something: I should have left at six. (and I didn’t) J. ‘It isn’t advisable …’/ ‘It isn’t necessary …’/ ‘It’s forbidden …’ ‘It isn’t advisable’ → ‘It’s forbidden’: ‘a scale of choice’ We can say what, in our opinion, is not advisable, or what is forbidden on a scale which shows how much choice there is. We use the following words: 1. Shouldn’t and oughtn’t to (= in my opinion it isn’t advisable, but there is some choice): You shouldn’t drive too fast. You ought to drive too fast. (= That’s my advice, but ignore it if you want to.) 2. Had better not is stronger, even a warning: You’d better not lose your passport. (= That’s my urgent advice. There may be consequence if you ignore it.) 3. Can’t and mustn’t (= you have no choice: it’s forbidden: You can’t stop on a motorway. You mustn’t stop on a motorway. (= it’s against the law) ‘Mustn’t’, ‘needn’t’, don’t have to’, ‘haven’t got to’ 1. Must, have to, have got to generally mean the same in the affirmative. But mustn’t never means the same as don’t have to/haven’t got to. 2. Mustn’t means ‘it’s forbidden’: Life belts must not be removed. (no choice) 3. We can use needn’t, don’t have to and haven’t got to in place of each other to mean ‘it isn’t necessary’: I needn’t/don’t have to/haven’t got to go to the office tomorrow. (choice) ‘Needn’t have’, ‘didn’t have to’, ‘didn’t need to’ 1. These sentences mean ‘I went there, but it wasn’t necessary’: I needn’t have gone to the office yesterday (but I went). I didn’t have to/didn’t need to go to the office yesterday (but I went). (have and need are stressed in speech) 2. Compare didn’t have to and didn’t need to, without stress: I didn’t have to do to the office yesterday. I didn’t need to go to the office yesterday. (= I know in advance it wasn’t necessary to go to the office and I didn’t go.) ‘Shouldn’t have’ and ‘oughtn’t to have’ We often use shouldn’t have (done) or oughtn’t to have (done) to criticize our own actions or someone else’s: I/You shouldn’t have paid/oughtn’t to have paid the plumber in advance. K. Modals to express habit: ‘used to’, ‘will’ and ‘would’ The form of ‘used to’ 1. Used to is a simple past form only. If you want to say ‘I am in the habit of’, you must use the simple present: I get up early every day. (Not *I use to get up early*) 75
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‘I’d rather he didn’t’, etc.<br />
We generally omit the main part of the verb in short responses:<br />
1. negative responses: Frank is going to buy a motorbike. – I’d rather he didn’t.<br />
I’ve told everyone about it. – I’d rather you hadn’t.<br />
2. affirmative responses: Frank won’t give up his present job. – I’d rather he did.<br />
I haven’t told anyone about it. – I’d rather you had.<br />
3. We do not have to repeat the mean verb in a complete <strong>sentence</strong>:<br />
You always go without me and I’d rather you didn’t .<br />
I. ‘It’s advisable …’ / ‘It’s necessary …’<br />
‘It’s advisable’ → ‘it’s necessary’: ‘a scale of choice’<br />
We can way what, in our opinion, is advisable or necessary on a scale which shows how much<br />
choice there is. We use the following words to give advice or say what is necessary:<br />
1. Should and ought to (= in my opinion it’s advisable, but there is some choice):<br />
You should see a doctor. You ought to vote in the next election.<br />
(= That’s my advice, but ignore it if you want to.)<br />
2. Had better is stronger, even a warning: You’d better see a doctor.<br />
(= That’s my urgent advice. <strong>The</strong>re may be consequences if you ignore it.)<br />
3. Have to, have got to (less formal) and must (= in my opinion, you have no choice):<br />
You have to/have got to/must see a doctor.<br />
(= That’s the stronger advice I can give you. Don’t ignore it!)<br />
‘Must’, ‘have to’ and ‘have got to’<br />
1. We often use must, have to and have got to in place of each other, but sometimes not.<br />
2. We tend to prefer must:<br />
- when we refer to ourselves (with i/we): I really must weed this garden.<br />
- with you to express urgency: You must phone home at once.<br />
- in public notices, etc: Cyclists must dismount.<br />
- (= Can’t you stop yourself?): Must you interrupt?<br />
- pressing invitations or advice: You must come and see us. You must repair that fence.<br />
3. We often use have to (or have got to) to refer to outside authority:<br />
I have (got) to pay my road tax soon.<br />
Expressing necessity in other tenses<br />
1. Must can refer to the present or the future:<br />
I must speak to him today. I must speak to him tomorrow.<br />
2. Must is not a ‘complete verb’, so we use have to to make up its ‘missing parts’:<br />
I shall/will have to phone her tomorrow. (or I must phone her tomorrow.) (future)<br />
I had to spend the day in a meeting. (past)<br />
I have had to tell you before. (present perfect)<br />
I am having to/I have been having to get up earlier this year. (progressive forms)<br />
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