The sentence

More documents

Recommendations

Info

F. Uses of modals for offers, requests and suggestions Offering things and substances Offering: e.g. Would/Wouldn’t you like a sandwich/some coffee? Yes/No response e.g. Yes, I’d like one/some, please. No, thank you. Requests for things and substances Requesting: e.g. Can/Could/May/Might I have a sandwich/some sugar, please? Yes/No responses: e.g. Of course your can/may. No, you can’t/may not, I’m afraid. Making suggestions, inviting actions Making suggestions, inviting actions: e.g. Would/Wouldn’t you like to come with us? Yes/No responses: e.g. Yes, I’d like to/love to. No, I’d prefer not to, thank you. Requesting others to do things for you Requesting others to do things for you: e.g. Will/Would you please open the door for me? Yes/No responses: e.g. Yes, of course I will. No, I’m afraid I can’t at the moment. Offering to do things for others Offering to do things for others: e.g. Shall I carry that for you? Yes/No responses: e.g. Can/Could you? That’s very kind of you. No, thank you. Making suggestions that include the speaker Making suggestions that include the speaker: e.g. Shall we go for a swim? Yes/No responses: e.g. Yes, let’s./ Yes, let’s, shall we?/ No, I’d rather we didn’t. G. Expressing wishes, etc: ‘I wish’, ‘if only’, ‘it’s (high) time’ Present and past reference with ‘I wish’, ‘if only’ and ‘it’s (high) time’ After (i) wish, if only, it’s (high) time and it’s (about) time, we ‘go one tense back’: 1. <strong>The</strong> past tense refers to the present: I wish I had a better watch! (i.e. NOW) 2. <strong>The</strong> past perfect tense refers to the past: If only you had asked me first! (i.e. THEN) expressing wishes and regrets with ‘I wish’ and ‘if only’ 1. We often use I wish for things that might (still) happen: I wish I knew the answer! (= it’s possible I might find out the answer) If only is stronger. We use it to express regret for things that can (now) never happen: If only your mother were alive now! (Of course, I wish is also possible.) 2. We may use the simple past of be after wish and if only, especially in everyday speech: I wish I was on holiday now. If only Tessa was here now! 3. If we want to be more formal, we use were in all persons: I wish I were on holiday now. If only Tessa were here! 72
4. We may use the past perfect of be for things that can never happen: I wish I had been on holiday last week. If only Tessa had been here yesterday! 5. We use the past or past perfect forms of other verbs: I wish I knew the answer to your question. I wish I had known then what I know now! “Would’ and ‘could’ after ‘I wish’ and ‘if only’ We must use could, not would, after I and we. Compare: I can’t swim. → I wish I could swim. We weren’t together! → I wish we could have been together. We sometimes us I wish you (he, she, etc). would(n’t) like an imperative: (I am making a lot of noise!) → I wish you wouldn’t make so much noise! (He is making a lot of noise!) → I wish he would be quiet! ‘It’s (high) time’ and ‘It’s (about) time’ We use It’s time, it’s high time and It’s about time to express present or future wishes, or to express our impatience about things that haven’t happened yet: Kim can’t even boil an egg. – I know. It’s time/high time/about time she learnt to cook! H. Expressing preferences: ‘would rather’ and ‘would sooner’ Expressing personal preference with ‘I’d rather’/’I’d sooner’ 1. We use would rather and would sooner in exactly the same way to express preference. We can refer to the present or the future: I’d rather/I’d sooner be a builder than an architect. Or we could choose again. I’d rather/sooner have been a builder than an architect. If I could choose again. I’d rather/sooner have been a builder than an architect. 2. We can omit the verb in negative short answers: Are you coming with us? – No, I’d rather/sooner not. Would you rather have been a builder? – No, I’d rather/sooner not (have been). Expressing preferences about other people’s actions 1. We can refer to other people after I’d rather or I’d sooner. Compare: I’d rather leave on an earlier train. (= I’m referring to myself) I’d rather Jack (etc.) left on an earlier train. 2. We use the past tense form after I’d rather toe refer to the present or future. Compare: I’d rather be happy. I’d rather not sit next to her. (= now – I’m referring to myself) I’d rather she were/was happy. (= now) I’d rather she didn’t sit next to me. (= now) 3. We use the past perfect form after I’d rather to refer to past time. Compare: I’d rather have been present. (= then – I’m referring to myself) I’d rather you had been present. (then) I’d rather you hadn’t told me about it. (then) 73
Page 1 and 2:
The sentence A: Sentence word order
Page 3 and 4:
Verb + object + ‘to’ + noun or
Page 5 and 6:
Noun clause derived from questions
Page 7 and 8:
3. In sentences like: Our new secre
Page 9 and 10:
Adverbial clauses of purpose with
Page 11 and 12:
t 2. We sometimes use the past part
Page 13 and 14:
Apostrophe s(‘s) or compound noun
Page 15 and 16:
E. Number (singular and plural) (1)
Page 17 and 18:
3. We still have a few male and fem
Page 19 and 20:
Articles A. The indefinite article:
Page 21 and 22: ‘The’ to refer to things that a
Page 23 and 24: 2. Zero for: countries (Turkey), st
Page 25 and 26: C. ‘It’ and ‘one/some/any/non
Page 27 and 28: 2. Verbs such as get up, sit down,
Page 29 and 30: Quantity A. Quantifiers + countable
Page 31 and 32: ‘Not …any’, ‘no’ and ‘n
Page 33 and 34: ‘None of’ and ‘neither of’
Page 35 and 36: Adjectives A. Formation of adjectiv
Page 37 and 38: D. Adjectives after ‘be’, ‘se
Page 39 and 40: Adverbs A. Adverbs of manner Adverb
Page 41 and 42: ‘During’, in’ and ‘for’ 1
Page 43 and 44: F. Intensifiers ‘Very’, ‘too
Page 45 and 46: 2. If we begin a sentence with a
Page 47 and 48: B. Prepositions of movement and pos
Page 49 and 50: D. Particular prepositions, particl
Page 51 and 52: E. Particular prepositions, particl
Page 53 and 54: d. Please put these dishes away. (a
Page 55 and 56: 4. There are five groups of stative
Page 57 and 58: 4. Repeated actions with e.g. alway
Page 59 and 60: G. The simple future tense Some use
Page 61 and 62: The future-in-the-past Sometimes we
Page 63 and 64: Be, Have, Do A. ‘Be’ as a full
Page 65 and 66: There are some children at the door
Page 67 and 68: Compare: Have you/Do you have/Have
Page 69 and 70: - present form: He must be right. H
Page 71: 2. An ‘uncertain’ question may
Page 75 and 76: 3. Had to shows that we couldn’t
Page 77 and 78: The form of ‘dare’ as a modal a
Page 79 and 80: The passive and the causative A. Ge
Page 81 and 82: ‘Get’ in the causative: ‘get
Page 83 and 84: I’ve seen no one/nobody. → I ha
Page 85 and 86: Parallel responses: ‘John can …
Page 87 and 88: G. Question-word questions (3): ‘
Page 89 and 90: 2. We use ever after all question-w
Page 91 and 92: B. Type 2 conditionals Type 2 condi
Page 93 and 94: Direct and indirect speech A. Direc
Page 95 and 96: Pronoun and adverb changes in indir
Page 97 and 98: The infinitive and the ‘-ing’ f
Page 99 and 100: ‘I know him to be an honest man
Page 101 and 102: ‘I can’t imagine my mother (‘
show all

The sentence

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?