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Double imperatives joined by ‘and’ When we have two imperatives together, we join them with and (Not *to*) Go and buy yourself a new pair of shoes. (Not *Go to buy*) The only exception is try. We can say: Try and help or Try to help. 62
Be, Have, Do A. ‘Be’ as a full verb (1) Some uses of the imperative of ‘be’: ‘Be careful!’ 1. Be is a ‘helping’ (or auxiliary) verb when it ‘helps’ other verbs, for example to form the present or past progressive: He is reading. He is reading. He was sleeping. 2. Be is a full verb when we use it with nouns (She’s a teacher) or adjectives (She’s tall). 3. Be + noun or adjective in the imperative has limited uses. We use be with nouns to mean ‘act like: Be a dear and answer the phone! Or to mean ‘become’: Be a better cook! Or pretend to be’: Be a monster, granddad! Don’t be is more common: Don’t be silly! Don’t be a fool! 4. We use be only with adjectives that describe ‘passing behavior’: Be + careful, patient, quiet, etc. Don’t be + careless, impatient, silly, etc. But not with adjectives which describe ‘states’, like hungry, thirsty, pretty. The use of ‘aren’t’ The full form Am I not is rate. We use Aren’t I … ? (Not *Amn’t I*) in: - negative questions: Am I not late? → Aren’t I late? - negative Wh-questions: Why am I not invited? → Why aren’t I invited? - negative question tag: I’m late, am I not? → I’m late, aren’t I? We use aren’t only in negative questions and negative question tags, never in negative statements: I am not late. → I’m not late. (Not *I aren’t late* ) ‘Be’ in the simple present and simple past In the simple present and simple past we use be as a full verb with nouns and adjectives. Be careful of instances when English makes use of be where other languages sometimes don’t. For example: I am hungry (Not *I have hunger*), It’s cold (Not *It makes cold*) B. ‘Be’ as a full verb (2) progressive forms of ‘be’ for ‘temporary behavior We use the progressive forms (he is being/he was being) with adjectives that describe ‘passing behavior’ like naughty and silly, not states, like hungry and thirsty. We often imply that this behavior is deliberate: He is being naughty. We can use the progressive of be with a few nouns as well: He’s being a (silly) fool. ‘Has been’, ‘have been’, ‘had been’ + adjectives and nouns The rules for the present and past perfect apply to have been and had been. The actions or states begin in the past and continue into the present (have been) or they refer to an earlier pact (had been). We use was/were when we have a time reference: - behaviour/states/moods: She’s been very quiet. I said she had been very quiet. - the weather: It’s been very cold lately. I said it had been very cold lately. 63
Page 1 and 2:
The sentence A: Sentence word order
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Verb + object + ‘to’ + noun or
Page 5 and 6:
Noun clause derived from questions
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3. In sentences like: Our new secre
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Adverbial clauses of purpose with
Page 11 and 12: t 2. We sometimes use the past part
Page 13 and 14: Apostrophe s(‘s) or compound noun
Page 15 and 16: E. Number (singular and plural) (1)
Page 17 and 18: 3. We still have a few male and fem
Page 19 and 20: Articles A. The indefinite article:
Page 21 and 22: ‘The’ to refer to things that a
Page 23 and 24: 2. Zero for: countries (Turkey), st
Page 25 and 26: C. ‘It’ and ‘one/some/any/non
Page 27 and 28: 2. Verbs such as get up, sit down,
Page 29 and 30: Quantity A. Quantifiers + countable
Page 31 and 32: ‘Not …any’, ‘no’ and ‘n
Page 33 and 34: ‘None of’ and ‘neither of’
Page 35 and 36: Adjectives A. Formation of adjectiv
Page 37 and 38: D. Adjectives after ‘be’, ‘se
Page 39 and 40: Adverbs A. Adverbs of manner Adverb
Page 41 and 42: ‘During’, in’ and ‘for’ 1
Page 43 and 44: F. Intensifiers ‘Very’, ‘too
Page 45 and 46: 2. If we begin a sentence with a
Page 47 and 48: B. Prepositions of movement and pos
Page 49 and 50: D. Particular prepositions, particl
Page 51 and 52: E. Particular prepositions, particl
Page 53 and 54: d. Please put these dishes away. (a
Page 55 and 56: 4. There are five groups of stative
Page 57 and 58: 4. Repeated actions with e.g. alway
Page 59 and 60: G. The simple future tense Some use
Page 61: The future-in-the-past Sometimes we
Page 65 and 66: There are some children at the door
Page 67 and 68: Compare: Have you/Do you have/Have
Page 69 and 70: - present form: He must be right. H
Page 71 and 72: 2. An ‘uncertain’ question may
Page 73 and 74: 4. We may use the past perfect of b
Page 75 and 76: 3. Had to shows that we couldn’t
Page 77 and 78: The form of ‘dare’ as a modal a
Page 79 and 80: The passive and the causative A. Ge
Page 81 and 82: ‘Get’ in the causative: ‘get
Page 83 and 84: I’ve seen no one/nobody. → I ha
Page 85 and 86: Parallel responses: ‘John can …
Page 87 and 88: G. Question-word questions (3): ‘
Page 89 and 90: 2. We use ever after all question-w
Page 91 and 92: B. Type 2 conditionals Type 2 condi
Page 93 and 94: Direct and indirect speech A. Direc
Page 95 and 96: Pronoun and adverb changes in indir
Page 97 and 98: The infinitive and the ‘-ing’ f
Page 99 and 100: ‘I know him to be an honest man
Page 101 and 102: ‘I can’t imagine my mother (‘
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