The sentence
The sentence The sentence
F. The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive tenses Uses of the simple past perfect tense: ‘I had worked’ 1. When we have two past references, we are not obliged to use the simple past perfect: After I finished work. I went home. (simple past + simple past) 2. But we often need the past perfect for the event that happened first to avoid ambiguity: When I arrived, Ann left. (i.e. at that moment) When I arrived, Ann had left. (i.e. before I got there) We use the past perfect to refer to ‘an earlier past’, that is to describe the first of two or more actions: First the patient died. Then the doctor arrived. The patient had died when the doctor arrived. We often introduce the past perfect with conjunctions like when, after, as soon as, by the time that. We use adverbs like already, ever, never … before. Uses of the present and past perfect progressive: ‘I have/had been working’ The past perfect progressive is the ‘past’ form of the present perfect progressive. The progressive forms have the effect of emphasizing continuity. 1. We use them to describe actions in progress throughout a period: present perfect progressive: She is very tired. She has been typing all day. past perfect progressive: She was very tired. She had been typing all day. Depending on context, she was still typing, or had recently stopped. (then, not now) 2. Some verbs like learn, lie, live, wait, work, naturally suggest ‘continuity’: We say: I’ve waited for two hours. (simple present perfect) Or: I’ve been waiting for two hours. (present perfect progressive) We say: I’d waited for two hours before he arrived. (simple past perfect) Or: I’d been waiting for two hours before he arrived. (past perfect progressive) 3. Repeated actions: present perfect progressive: He’s been phoning every night for a month. past perfect progressive: He’s been phoning every night for a month. 4. Drawing conclusions: present perfect progressive: Her eyes are red. It’s clear she’s been crying. Past perfect progressive: Her eyes were red. It was clear she’d been crying. The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive compared The past perfect progressive can tell us that an action was uncompleted then: When I got home, I found that Jill had been painting her room. The simple past perfect can tell us that and action was completed then: When I got home, I found that Jill had painted her room. 58
G. The simple future tense Some uses of ‘will’ and ‘shall’ 1. Will and shall are ‘modal verbs’, so they are like can, must, etc. 2. We often use will and shall to make predictions (the simple future tense): It will rain tomorrow. I don’t know if I shall see you next week. 3. We use will and shall in many other ways, apart from predicting the future: e.g. - intentions/promises: I’ll (= I will) buy you a bicycle for your birthday. - requests/invitations: Will you hold the door open for me, please? - offers: Shall I get your coat for you? - suggestions: Shall we go for a swim tomorrow? - threats: Just wait! You’ll regret this! - decisions: I’ll stop and ask the way. ‘Will’ and ‘shall’ to refer to the future Forms of ‘will’ and ‘shall’ 1. When we are referring to the future, we use will with all persons (I, you, he, she, etc.), but in British English, we often use shall with I/we. (not *he/she/it/you/they shall*): I/We will (I’ll/We’ll) see you tomorrow. Or: I shall/We shall see you tomorrow. 2. In speech, we weaken shall to /∫ l/. We often use ‘ll in place of will in speech and sometimes in writing, especially after vowels: I’ll/He’ll see you tomorrow. We also use ‘ll after consonants: Tom’ll be here soon. When’ll I see you? 3. Negative short forms are: ‘ll not, won’t (= will not) or shan’t (= shall not): I’ll not be there/I won’t be there/I shan’t be there tomorrow. In American English shall and shan’t with a future reference are rare. Uses of the ‘will/shall’ future 1. Prediction: We invite prediction or we say what we think will happen: Who will win on Saturday? Tottenham will win on Saturday. 2. In formal style we say what will happen for events that have been arranged: The wedding will take place at St Andrew’s on June 27 th . 3. We use shall and will to express hopes and expectations: I hope she’ll get the job she’s applied for. She’ll get a surprise. - I expect she will. H. The simple future, the future progressive, the future perfect Simple future ‘I will work’ and progressive ‘I will be working’ compared There are three basic uses of the future progressive: 1. We use it to emphasize actions that will be in progress in the near or distant future, especially when we imagine ourselves doing something: By this time tomorrow, I’ll be lying on the beach. (Not *I will lie*) 2. The progressive ‘softens’ the effect of will + verb and sounds more polite: When will you finish these letters? (e.g. boss to assistant) When will you be seeing Mr White? (e.g. assistant to boss) 59
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F. <strong>The</strong> simple past perfect and past perfect progressive tenses<br />
Uses of the simple past perfect tense: ‘I had worked’<br />
1. When we have two past references, we are not obliged to use the simple past perfect:<br />
After I finished work. I went home. (simple past + simple past)<br />
2. But we often need the past perfect for the event that happened first to avoid<br />
ambiguity: When I arrived, Ann left. (i.e. at that moment)<br />
When I arrived, Ann had left. (i.e. before I got there)<br />
We use the past perfect to refer to ‘an earlier past’, that is to describe the first of two<br />
or more actions: First the patient died. <strong>The</strong>n the doctor arrived.<br />
<strong>The</strong> patient had died when the doctor arrived.<br />
We often introduce the past perfect with conjunctions like when, after, as soon as, by the<br />
time that. We use adverbs like already, ever, never … before.<br />
Uses of the present and past perfect progressive: ‘I have/had been working’<br />
<strong>The</strong> past perfect progressive is the ‘past’ form of the present perfect progressive.<br />
<strong>The</strong> progressive forms have the effect of emphasizing continuity.<br />
1. We use them to describe actions in progress throughout a period:<br />
present perfect progressive: She is very tired. She has been typing all day.<br />
past perfect progressive: She was very tired. She had been typing all day.<br />
Depending on context, she was still typing, or had recently stopped. (then, not now)<br />
2. Some verbs like learn, lie, live, wait, work, naturally suggest ‘continuity’:<br />
We say: I’ve waited for two hours. (simple present perfect)<br />
Or: I’ve been waiting for two hours. (present perfect progressive)<br />
We say: I’d waited for two hours before he arrived. (simple past perfect)<br />
Or: I’d been waiting for two hours before he arrived. (past perfect progressive)<br />
3. Repeated actions:<br />
present perfect progressive: He’s been phoning every night for a month.<br />
past perfect progressive: He’s been phoning every night for a month.<br />
4. Drawing conclusions:<br />
present perfect progressive: Her eyes are red. It’s clear she’s been crying.<br />
Past perfect progressive: Her eyes were red. It was clear she’d been crying.<br />
<strong>The</strong> simple past perfect and past perfect progressive compared<br />
<strong>The</strong> past perfect progressive can tell us that an action was uncompleted then:<br />
When I got home, I found that Jill had been painting her room.<br />
<strong>The</strong> simple past perfect can tell us that and action was completed then:<br />
When I got home, I found that Jill had painted her room.<br />
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