The sentence
The sentence The sentence
2. Verbs which end in the following sounds are pronounced /t/ in the past: /k/ packed; /s/ passed; /t∫/ watched; /∫/ washed; /f/ laughed; /p/ tipped. 3. A few verbs are pronounced and spelt /d/ or /t/: burned/burnt; dreamed/dreamt. 4. Verbs ending in the sounds /t/ or /d/ have their past ending pronounced /id/: added, decided, counted, excited, needed, posted, shouted, started, tasted, wanted. Irregular past forms 1. Some irregular verbs have the same form in all parts: hit-hit-hit, cut-cut-cut. 2. Some change one part only: keep-kept-kept, make-made-made, sell-sold-sold. 3. Some change two parts: break-broke-broken, know-knew-known, ride-rode-ridden. Uses of the simple past tense: I worked/he worded’ We use the simple past to talk about events, actions or situations which happened in the past and are now finished. We always have to say (or imply) when the action happened, so we often use time references like yesterday, ago, last summer. We use the past: - to describe actions which happened in the recent or distant past: - Sam phoned a moment ago. (Not *Sam has phoned*) The Goths invaded Rome in A.D. 410. (Not *The Goths had invaded*) - to describe past habit: I smoked forty cigarettes a day till I gave up. If we do no use time references (a moment ago, when I was young, etc.) we imply them: I saw Fred in town. (i.e. when I was there this morning) I never met my grandfather. (i.e. perhaps he died before I was born) D. The simple past and past progressive tenses Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past: ‘put/put’ A small number of irregular verbs have the same form in the present as in the past: e.g. burst/burst, cost/cost, cut/cut, hit/hit, put/put. We have to remember, especially with such verbs, that the third person singular does not change in the past: He put on a clean shirt yesterday. (past) He puts on a clean shirt every day. (present) After I, you, we, and they, the context or the adverbial tells us the tense: I put on a clean shirt yesterday. (past) I put on a clean shirt every day. (present) Uses of the past progressive tense: ‘I was working’ There are five basic uses of the past progressive tense. We use it for: 1. Temporary actions in progress in the past: I was living abroad in 1987. We often use all to emphasize continuity (all day, all summer): It was raining all night. 2. Actions which were in progress when something else happened: Just as/When I was leaving, the phone rang. These are often introduced by conjunctions like when, as, just as and while, but the shorter action can be introduced by when: We were having supper when the phone rang. 3. Actions is progress at the same time: While I was reading, Joan was playing the piano. 56
4. Repeated actions with e.g. always: When I worked here, I was always making mistakes. 5. Polite inquiries: I was wondering if you could give me a lift. The simple past and the past progressive in story-telling We often use past tense (simple past, past progressive and past perfect) for story-telling. We use the past progressive to set the scene at the beginning of the story. E. The simple present perfect and present perfect progressive Uses of the simple present perfect tense: ‘I have eaten/he has eaten’ There are two basic uses of the simple present perfect tense. We use it to describe: 1. Actions beginning in the past and continuing up to the present moment: - with time references like before (now), ever, never … before, up till now, so far. I have received 20 cards so far. I have never tasted papaya (before). - with since/for: I’ve lived here since 1980. I’ve lived here for 20 years. 2. Actions which happened at an unspecified time in the past: - with no time reference at all: Have you passed your driving test? (Depending on context, this could mean ‘very recently’ or ‘at any time up to now’.) - with references to recent time, like just, recently, already, still, yet: I’ve just eaten. - repeated/habitual actions; I’ve watched him on TV several times. I’ve often met her. The present perfect progressive tense: ‘I have been eating’ 1. We use the present perfect progressive in place of the simple present perfect when we want to emphasize that something has been in progress throughout a period: Instead of saying: I’ve typed all day, we can say, for emphasis, I’ve been typing all day. Depending on context, this may mean I’m still typing or I’ve just recently stopped. 2. Some verbs like learn, lie, live, rain, sit, sleep, stand, study, wait, work, naturally suggest continuity and we often use them with since and for. We can use them in the simple present perfect tense: I’ve waited here for two hours. I’ve worked here since 1987. But we most often use them in the progressive: I’ve been waiting here for two hours. I’ve been working here since 1987. The simple present perfect and the present perfect progressive compared The simple present perfect and the progressive forms mean different things here: I’ve been painting this room. It will look good when it’s finished. (the job is unfinished) I’ve painted this room. Doesn’t it look good? (the job is definitely finished) The simple past and the simple present perfect compared With the simple past we have to say or imply when something happened: I finished the job yesterday/an hour ago, etc. (Not *I have finished the job yesterday.*) With the present perfect, we do not say ‘exactly when’: I have finished the job. Even if we say I have just finished the job, we are still not saying ‘exactly when’. 57
- Page 5 and 6: Noun clause derived from questions
- Page 7 and 8: 3. In sentences like: Our new secre
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- Page 11 and 12: t 2. We sometimes use the past part
- Page 13 and 14: Apostrophe s(‘s) or compound noun
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- Page 21 and 22: ‘The’ to refer to things that a
- Page 23 and 24: 2. Zero for: countries (Turkey), st
- Page 25 and 26: C. ‘It’ and ‘one/some/any/non
- Page 27 and 28: 2. Verbs such as get up, sit down,
- Page 29 and 30: Quantity A. Quantifiers + countable
- Page 31 and 32: ‘Not …any’, ‘no’ and ‘n
- Page 33 and 34: ‘None of’ and ‘neither of’
- Page 35 and 36: Adjectives A. Formation of adjectiv
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- Page 51 and 52: E. Particular prepositions, particl
- Page 53 and 54: d. Please put these dishes away. (a
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- Page 59 and 60: G. The simple future tense Some use
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- Page 65 and 66: There are some children at the door
- Page 67 and 68: Compare: Have you/Do you have/Have
- Page 69 and 70: - present form: He must be right. H
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4. Repeated actions with e.g. always: When I worked here, I was always making mistakes.<br />
5. Polite inquiries: I was wondering if you could give me a lift.<br />
<strong>The</strong> simple past and the past progressive in story-telling<br />
We often use past tense (simple past, past progressive and past perfect) for story-telling.<br />
We use the past progressive to set the scene at the beginning of the story.<br />
E. <strong>The</strong> simple present perfect and present perfect progressive<br />
Uses of the simple present perfect tense: ‘I have eaten/he has eaten’<br />
<strong>The</strong>re are two basic uses of the simple present perfect tense. We use it to describe:<br />
1. Actions beginning in the past and continuing up to the present moment:<br />
- with time references like before (now), ever, never … before, up till now, so far.<br />
I have received 20 cards so far. I have never tasted papaya (before).<br />
- with since/for: I’ve lived here since 1980. I’ve lived here for 20 years.<br />
2. Actions which happened at an unspecified time in the past:<br />
- with no time reference at all: Have you passed your driving test?<br />
(Depending on context, this could mean ‘very recently’ or ‘at any time up to now’.)<br />
- with references to recent time, like just, recently, already, still, yet: I’ve just eaten.<br />
- repeated/habitual actions; I’ve watched him on TV several times. I’ve often met her.<br />
<strong>The</strong> present perfect progressive tense: ‘I have been eating’<br />
1. We use the present perfect progressive in place of the simple present perfect when we<br />
want to emphasize that something has been in progress throughout a period:<br />
Instead of saying: I’ve typed all day, we can say, for emphasis, I’ve been typing all day.<br />
Depending on context, this may mean I’m still typing or I’ve just recently stopped.<br />
2. Some verbs like learn, lie, live, rain, sit, sleep, stand, study, wait, work, naturally suggest<br />
continuity and we often use them with since and for.<br />
We can use them in the simple present perfect tense:<br />
I’ve waited here for two hours. I’ve worked here since 1987.<br />
But we most often use them in the progressive:<br />
I’ve been waiting here for two hours. I’ve been working here since 1987.<br />
<strong>The</strong> simple present perfect and the present perfect progressive compared<br />
<strong>The</strong> simple present perfect and the progressive forms mean different things here:<br />
I’ve been painting this room. It will look good when it’s finished. (the job is unfinished)<br />
I’ve painted this room. Doesn’t it look good? (the job is definitely finished)<br />
<strong>The</strong> simple past and the simple present perfect compared<br />
With the simple past we have to say or imply when something happened:<br />
I finished the job yesterday/an hour ago, etc. (Not *I have finished the job yesterday.*)<br />
With the present perfect, we do not say ‘exactly when’: I have finished the job.<br />
Even if we say I have just finished the job, we are still not saying ‘exactly when’.<br />
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