The sentence
The sentence The sentence
Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives A. The simple present and present progressive tenses (1) Pronunciation and spelling of the 3 rd person, simple present 1. Pronunciation: We pronounce –s as /s/ after these sounds: /f/ laughs; /p/ drops; /k/ kicks; /t/ lets. We pronounce –s as /iz/ after /z/ loses; /dz/ manages; /s/ passes; /∫/ pushes; /t∫/ stitches, and /ks/ mixes. We pronounce –s as /z/ after all other sounds: /b/ robs; /d/ adds; /g/ digs; /l/ fills; /m/ dreams; /n/ runs; /η/ rings; after vowels: sees; after vowel + w or r: draws, stirs. 2. Spelling Add –s to most verbs: work/works, drive/drives, play/plays, run/runs. Add –es to verbs ending in –o: do/does; -s: misses; -x: mixes; -ch/sh: catches/pushes. Uses of the simple present tense: ‘o work/he works’ There are seven basic uses of the simple present tense. We use it for: 1. Permanent truths: Summer follows spring. Gases expand when heated. 2. ‘The present period’ (= ‘this is the situation at present’): My sister works in a bank. 3. Habitual actions: I get up at 7. I sometimes stay up till midnight. 4. Future reference (for timetables, etc.): The concert begins at 7.30 next Friday evening. 5. Observations and declarations: I hope so. I t says here that … . I have you . I hate him. 6. Instructions: First you weigh the ingredients. 7. Commentaries: Becker serves to Lendl. Stative and dynamic verbs 1. We call a few verbs like love stative because they refer to ‘states’. A state has no beginning and no end. We don’t ‘control’ it, so we don’t normally use stative verbs in progressive tenses: She loves her baby more than anything. (Not *is loving*) 2. Most verbs in English are dynamic. We can use them in two ways: - in the simple present tense to describe habits, etc.: I often make cakes. - the present progressive to describe deliberate actions in progress: I’m making a cake. 3. We can describe three classes of verbs: a. Dynamic verbs which have simple or progressive forms (most verbs in English): I often listen to records. (simple present tense) I’m listen to a record. (present progressive tense) b. Verbs which are always stative: This coat belongs to you. (simple present tense) (Not *is belonging*) c. Verbs that have stative or dynamic uses: I’m weighing myself. (a deliberate action: present progressive tense) I weight 65 kilos. (a state) (Not *I’m weighting 65 kilos.*) 54
4. There are five groups of stative verbs referring to: a. feelings (like, love, etc.); b. thinking/believing (think, understand, etc.) c. wants (want, prefer, etc.) d. perception (hear, see, etc.) e. being/having/owning (appear, seem, belong, etc.) B. The simple present and present progressive tenses Spelling: how to add ‘-ing’ to a verb: ‘wait/waiting’ 1. We add –ing to most verbs, without changing the base form: wait/waiting: Wait for me. → I am waiting for you. 2. If a verb ends in –e, omit the –e and add –ing: use/using: Use a broom. → I am using a broom. 3. A single vowel followed by a single consonant doubles the final consonant: sit/sitting: Sit down. → I am sitting down. 4. We double the last consonant of two-syllable verbs when the second syllable is stressed: be’gin/be’ginning. Compare the unstressed final syllable: ‘differ/’differing: Begin work. → I am beginning work. 5. –ic changes to –ick: picnic/picnicking; -ie changes to –y: lie/lying: Lie down. → I am lying down. Uses of the present progressive tense: I’m working/he is working’ There are four basic uses of the present progressive tense. We use it for: 1. Actions in progress at the moment of speaking: He’s working at the moment. 2. Temporary situations/actions, not necessarily in progress at he moment of speaking: My daughter is studying English at Durham University. 3. Planned actions (+ future adverbial reference): We’re spending next winter in Australia. 4. Repeated actions with adverbs like always, forever: She’s always helping people. The simple present and the present progressive tenses in typical contexts a. Use the correct present tense form. b. Say what the context for each extract could be, written and/or spoken. e.g. Let me explain what you have to do. First you take the photos and sort them into categories. Then you file them according to subject. C. The simple past tense The past form and pronunciation of regular verbs 1. Regular verbs always end with a –d in the simple part, but we do not always pronounce the –d ending in the same way. We usually add –ed to the base form of the verbs: I play – I played, I open – I opened. We do not pronounce –ed as an extra syllable. We pronounce it as /d/: I played /pleid/ Not* /plei-id/ *; I opened / p nd/ Not* / p nid/ *; I arrived / raivd/ Not * / raivid/ *; I married /m rid/ Not */m ri-id/ *. 55
- Page 3 and 4: Verb + object + ‘to’ + noun or
- Page 5 and 6: Noun clause derived from questions
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- Page 13 and 14: Apostrophe s(‘s) or compound noun
- Page 15 and 16: E. Number (singular and plural) (1)
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- Page 33 and 34: ‘None of’ and ‘neither of’
- Page 35 and 36: Adjectives A. Formation of adjectiv
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- Page 67 and 68: Compare: Have you/Do you have/Have
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Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives<br />
A. <strong>The</strong> simple present and present progressive tenses (1)<br />
Pronunciation and spelling of the 3 rd person, simple present<br />
1. Pronunciation:<br />
We pronounce –s as /s/ after these sounds: /f/ laughs; /p/ drops; /k/ kicks; /t/ lets.<br />
We pronounce –s as /iz/ after /z/ loses; /dz/ manages; /s/ passes; /∫/ pushes; /t∫/<br />
stitches, and /ks/ mixes.<br />
We pronounce –s as /z/ after all other sounds: /b/ robs; /d/ adds; /g/ digs; /l/ fills; /m/<br />
dreams; /n/ runs; /η/ rings; after vowels: sees; after vowel + w or r: draws, stirs.<br />
2. Spelling<br />
Add –s to most verbs: work/works, drive/drives, play/plays, run/runs.<br />
Add –es to verbs ending in –o: do/does; -s: misses; -x: mixes; -ch/sh: catches/pushes.<br />
Uses of the simple present tense: ‘o work/he works’<br />
<strong>The</strong>re are seven basic uses of the simple present tense. We use it for:<br />
1. Permanent truths: Summer follows spring. Gases expand when heated.<br />
2. ‘<strong>The</strong> present period’ (= ‘this is the situation at present’): My sister works in a bank.<br />
3. Habitual actions: I get up at 7. I sometimes stay up till midnight.<br />
4. Future reference (for timetables, etc.): <strong>The</strong> concert begins at 7.30 next Friday evening.<br />
5. Observations and declarations: I hope so. I t says here that … . I have you . I hate him.<br />
6. Instructions: First you weigh the ingredients.<br />
7. Commentaries: Becker serves to Lendl.<br />
Stative and dynamic verbs<br />
1. We call a few verbs like love stative because they refer to ‘states’. A state has no<br />
beginning and no end. We don’t ‘control’ it, so we don’t normally use stative verbs in<br />
progressive tenses:<br />
She loves her baby more than anything. (Not *is loving*)<br />
2. Most verbs in English are dynamic. We can use them in two ways:<br />
- in the simple present tense to describe habits, etc.: I often make cakes.<br />
- the present progressive to describe deliberate actions in progress:<br />
I’m making a cake.<br />
3. We can describe three classes of verbs:<br />
a. Dynamic verbs which have simple or progressive forms (most verbs in English):<br />
I often listen to records. (simple present tense)<br />
I’m listen to a record. (present progressive tense)<br />
b. Verbs which are always stative:<br />
This coat belongs to you. (simple present tense) (Not *is belonging*)<br />
c. Verbs that have stative or dynamic uses:<br />
I’m weighing myself. (a deliberate action: present progressive tense)<br />
I weight 65 kilos. (a state) (Not *I’m weighting 65 kilos.*)<br />
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