The sentence
The sentence The sentence
8. with, without, in and of We can use with and without to mean ‘carrying’/’not carrying’: with a handbag, without any money. We can also refer to physical characteristics: with a big nose; and such things as hairstyles and make-up: with pink lipstick. We can use in to mean ‘wearing’: the man in the blue suit. We can also refer to voice quality: in a loud voice. Of can describe personal qualities: a man of courage; age: a man of 65; or wealth: a woman of substance. F. Phrasal verbs: Type 1, verb + preposition (transitive) Introduction to phrasal verbs We often combine verbs with prepositions and adverbs particles to form phrasal verbs. These verbs can have non-idiomatic or idiomatic meanings and we use them a lot. So, for example, if someone knocks at the door, we would probably say ‘Come in!’ rather than ‘Enter’. We would say ‘take off’ your jacket, rather than ‘remove’ it, and so on. We can define four types of phrasal verbs according to form. As you learn new verbs, get used to recognizing them as of phrasal verbs according to form. As you learn new verbs, get used to recognizing them as on of these four types so that you learn how to use them. Note the terms: transitive (= followed by a noun or pronoun object) intransitive (= not followed by a noun or pronoun object) Type 1: verb + preposition (transitive): e.g. Listen to this record. Listen to it. Listen! Type 2: verb + particle (transitive): e.g. Take off your hat. Take your hat off. Take it off. Type 3: verb + particle (intransitive): e.g. Hurry up! Sit down! Type 4: verb + particle + preposition (transitive): e.g. We’re run out of matches. G. Phrasal verbs: Type 2, verb + particle (transitive) Type 1 and Type 2 phrasal verbs compared 1. We use prepositions after Type 1 verbs. We cannot separate the preposition from the verb: I’m looking at the camera. (Not *I’m looking the camera at.*) 2. We can separate the adverb particle from a Type 2 verb and put it immediately after the noun object: She gave away her books. She gave her books away. 3. If the object is a pronoun, we cannot put the particle in front of it: Give it away. (Not *Give away it.*) Give them away. (Not *Give away them.*) 4. Special note: In She gave away her books, away is an adverb particle, not a preposition, even if it has an object after it. Unlike a preposition, a particle is ‘mobile’ and can be used before or after a noun object. Type 2: Particles that extend the verb: ‘write down’ A single particle can strengthen or extend the meaning of a verb: a. The scarecrow frightened the birds away. (away refers to ‘distance’) b. I was holding my hat and the wind snatched it away. (away refers to ‘detachment’) c. I got a cloth and wiped away the coffee I had spilled. (away refers to ‘disappearance’) 52
d. Please put these dishes away. (away refers to ‘tidying’) The verb often has its non-idiomatic meaning, but the particle ‘extends’ this meaning: e.g. pull out, push away, wash away, move back, burn down, bring in, cut off. Type 2: Verb + particle + object, idiomatic: ‘bring about a change’ We cannot relate the parts of these verbs to their literal meanings: e.g. What brought about this change? What brought this change about? What brought it about? (= caused to happen) H. Phrasal verbs: Type 3, verb + particle (intransitive) Type 4, verb + particle + preposition (transitive) Type 3: Verb + particle, intransitive, non-idiomatic: ‘hurry up’ We use these verbs in their normal sense. Many combinations are possible: Hurry up! Sit down! Stand up! Compare Type 1: Look! (Not *Look at*) Type 3: Verb + particle, intransitive, idiomatic: ‘break down’ We cannot relate the parts of these verbs to their literal meanings: e.g. She broke down when she heard the news (= collapsed). Type 4: Verb + particle + preposition + object, non-idiomatic: ‘walk up to the top’ These verbs are used in their normal sense: e.g. The lift takes a long time to come down from the top floor. Verb + particle + preposition + object, idiomatic: ‘put up with it’ We cannot relate the parts of these verbs to their literal meanings: e.g. How do you put up with it? (= tolerate) 53
- Page 1 and 2: The sentence A: Sentence word order
- Page 3 and 4: Verb + object + ‘to’ + noun or
- Page 5 and 6: Noun clause derived from questions
- Page 7 and 8: 3. In sentences like: Our new secre
- Page 9 and 10: Adverbial clauses of purpose with
- Page 11 and 12: t 2. We sometimes use the past part
- Page 13 and 14: Apostrophe s(‘s) or compound noun
- Page 15 and 16: E. Number (singular and plural) (1)
- Page 17 and 18: 3. We still have a few male and fem
- Page 19 and 20: Articles A. The indefinite article:
- Page 21 and 22: ‘The’ to refer to things that a
- Page 23 and 24: 2. Zero for: countries (Turkey), st
- Page 25 and 26: C. ‘It’ and ‘one/some/any/non
- Page 27 and 28: 2. Verbs such as get up, sit down,
- Page 29 and 30: Quantity A. Quantifiers + countable
- Page 31 and 32: ‘Not …any’, ‘no’ and ‘n
- Page 33 and 34: ‘None of’ and ‘neither of’
- Page 35 and 36: Adjectives A. Formation of adjectiv
- Page 37 and 38: D. Adjectives after ‘be’, ‘se
- Page 39 and 40: Adverbs A. Adverbs of manner Adverb
- Page 41 and 42: ‘During’, in’ and ‘for’ 1
- Page 43 and 44: F. Intensifiers ‘Very’, ‘too
- Page 45 and 46: 2. If we begin a sentence with a
- Page 47 and 48: B. Prepositions of movement and pos
- Page 49 and 50: D. Particular prepositions, particl
- Page 51: E. Particular prepositions, particl
- Page 55 and 56: 4. There are five groups of stative
- Page 57 and 58: 4. Repeated actions with e.g. alway
- Page 59 and 60: G. The simple future tense Some use
- Page 61 and 62: The future-in-the-past Sometimes we
- Page 63 and 64: Be, Have, Do A. ‘Be’ as a full
- Page 65 and 66: There are some children at the door
- Page 67 and 68: Compare: Have you/Do you have/Have
- Page 69 and 70: - present form: He must be right. H
- Page 71 and 72: 2. An ‘uncertain’ question may
- Page 73 and 74: 4. We may use the past perfect of b
- Page 75 and 76: 3. Had to shows that we couldn’t
- Page 77 and 78: The form of ‘dare’ as a modal a
- Page 79 and 80: The passive and the causative A. Ge
- Page 81 and 82: ‘Get’ in the causative: ‘get
- Page 83 and 84: I’ve seen no one/nobody. → I ha
- Page 85 and 86: Parallel responses: ‘John can …
- Page 87 and 88: G. Question-word questions (3): ‘
- Page 89 and 90: 2. We use ever after all question-w
- Page 91 and 92: B. Type 2 conditionals Type 2 condi
- Page 93 and 94: Direct and indirect speech A. Direc
- Page 95 and 96: Pronoun and adverb changes in indir
- Page 97 and 98: The infinitive and the ‘-ing’ f
- Page 99 and 100: ‘I know him to be an honest man
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d. Please put these dishes away. (away refers to ‘tidying’)<br />
<strong>The</strong> verb often has its non-idiomatic meaning, but the particle ‘extends’ this meaning:<br />
e.g. pull out, push away, wash away, move back, burn down, bring in, cut off.<br />
Type 2: Verb + particle + object, idiomatic: ‘bring about a change’<br />
We cannot relate the parts of these verbs to their literal meanings: e.g.<br />
What brought about this change? What brought this change about? What brought it about?<br />
(= caused to happen)<br />
H. Phrasal verbs: Type 3, verb + particle (intransitive)<br />
Type 4, verb + particle + preposition (transitive)<br />
Type 3: Verb + particle, intransitive, non-idiomatic: ‘hurry up’<br />
We use these verbs in their normal sense. Many combinations are possible:<br />
Hurry up! Sit down! Stand up! Compare Type 1: Look! (Not *Look at*)<br />
Type 3: Verb + particle, intransitive, idiomatic: ‘break down’<br />
We cannot relate the parts of these verbs to their literal meanings: e.g.<br />
She broke down when she heard the news (= collapsed).<br />
Type 4: Verb + particle + preposition + object, non-idiomatic: ‘walk up to the top’<br />
<strong>The</strong>se verbs are used in their normal sense: e.g.<br />
<strong>The</strong> lift takes a long time to come down from the top floor.<br />
Verb + particle + preposition + object, idiomatic: ‘put up with it’<br />
We cannot relate the parts of these verbs to their literal meanings: e.g.<br />
How do you put up with it? (= tolerate)<br />
53
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