The sentence
The sentence The sentence
Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs A. Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions Words we can use either as prepositions or as adverbs 1. There are many ‘small words’ in English such as up, down, and by which we call prepositions. In fact, we use these as prepositions or adverb particles. Understanding the difference between the two will help us to understand ‘phrasal verbs’. 2. A preposition must have an object (a noun or a pronoun), so it is always related to a noun: across the road, over the wall, up the hill, down the mountain. 3. An adverb particle does not need an object, so it is more closely related to a verb: walk across, drive over, come up, climb down. 4. We can use the following words either as prepositions or adverb particles: about, above, across, after, along, before, behind, below, beneath, between, beyond, by, down, in, inside, near, off, on, opposite, outside, over, past, round, through, under, underneath, up, without. This means we can say: We drove round the city. (round has a noun object, so it’s a preposition) We drove round. (round has no object, so it’s an adverb particle). Words we can use only as prepositions or only as adverbs 1. We use some ‘small words’ only as prepositions, so they always have a noun or pronoun object: against, among, at, beside, during. Except, for, from, into, of, onto, on top of, out of, since, till/until, to, toward(s), upon, with. This means we have to say: e.g. Sit beside me. We can’t say *Sit beside.* 2. We use other ‘small words’ only as adverb particles, so they do not have an object: away, back, backward(s), downward(s), forward(s), on top, out, upward(s). This means we have to say: e.g. Don’t go near the fire. Stay away! (Not *Stay away the fire!*) Words we can use either as prepositions or conjunctions 1. There are a few words we can use either as prepositions or conjunctions: after, as, before, since and till/until. 2. When we use them as prepositions, we have a noun or pronoun object after them: Let’s have our meeting after lunch. 3. When we use them as conjunctions, we have a clause after them: Let’s have our meeting after we have had lunch. Object pronouns after prepositions: ‘between you and me’ We use the object from of a pronoun, not the subject form, after a preposition: Between you and me, I think he’s a fool. (Not *Between you and I*) 46
B. Prepositions of movement and position, Prepositions of time ‘At a point’, ‘in an area’ and ‘one a surface’ 1. We use to/from and into/out of to show direction with movement: - to/from: She has gone to Paris. She has just come home from Paris. - into/out of: I went into the shop . I came out of the shop. 2. We use at, in, on to show position after movement: at a point, in an area, on a surface. We can use at with some nouns to mean ‘a (meeting) point’ or in to mean ‘inside’: I’ll meet you at the airport. (= that’s the meeting point) I’ll meet you in the airport. (= inside the building) Typical nouns like this are: the cinema, the office, the bank, the library, (the) butcher’s. 3. We use at mainly with: - public places/buildings: at the airport, the bus stop, the Grand Hotel, the butcher’s - addresses: at his sister’s, 24 Cedar Avenue. - nouns with zero article: at home, church, college, school, university - events: at a concert, a dance, a dinner, a funeral, a meeting, a party, a wedding. He’s gone to a party. He is at a party. He’s been to a party. He was at a party. 4. We use in mainly with: - large areas: in Europe, Asia, the Antarctic, the Andes, the Sahara, Texas, the Pacific. - towns/parts of towns: in Canterbury, Chelsea, Dallas, Manhattan, New York, Paris. - outside areas: in the garden, the park, Hyde Park, the street, the old town, the desert. - rooms: in the bathroom, his bedroom, the garage, the kitchen, the waiting room. - nouns with zero article: in bed, chapel, church, hospital, prison. He’s gone to Texas. He is in Texas. He’s been to Texas. He was in Texas. Propositions of time: ‘at’, ‘on’ and ‘in’ 1. We use at for: exact time: at 10 o’clock; meal times: at lunch time; points of time: at night; festivals: at Christmas; age: at the age of 14; + ‘time’: at this/that time. 2. We use on for: days of the week: on Monday, on Mondays; parts of the days: on Monday morning; dates: on June 1 st ; particular occasions: on that day; anniversaries: on your birthday; festivals: on New Year’s Day. 3. We use in for: parts of the day: in the evening; months: in May; years: in 2050; seasons: in (the) spring; centuries: in the 20 th century; periods: in Ramadan, in two years’ time. C. Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (1) Prepositions, particles, etc. often confused and misused 1. about and on We can use about and on to mean ‘concerning’. We use on in a format way, e.g. to describe a textbook: a textbook on physics; about is informal: a book about animals. 47
- Page 1 and 2: The sentence A: Sentence word order
- Page 3 and 4: Verb + object + ‘to’ + noun or
- Page 5 and 6: Noun clause derived from questions
- Page 7 and 8: 3. In sentences like: Our new secre
- Page 9 and 10: Adverbial clauses of purpose with
- Page 11 and 12: t 2. We sometimes use the past part
- Page 13 and 14: Apostrophe s(‘s) or compound noun
- Page 15 and 16: E. Number (singular and plural) (1)
- Page 17 and 18: 3. We still have a few male and fem
- Page 19 and 20: Articles A. The indefinite article:
- Page 21 and 22: ‘The’ to refer to things that a
- Page 23 and 24: 2. Zero for: countries (Turkey), st
- Page 25 and 26: C. ‘It’ and ‘one/some/any/non
- Page 27 and 28: 2. Verbs such as get up, sit down,
- Page 29 and 30: Quantity A. Quantifiers + countable
- Page 31 and 32: ‘Not …any’, ‘no’ and ‘n
- Page 33 and 34: ‘None of’ and ‘neither of’
- Page 35 and 36: Adjectives A. Formation of adjectiv
- Page 37 and 38: D. Adjectives after ‘be’, ‘se
- Page 39 and 40: Adverbs A. Adverbs of manner Adverb
- Page 41 and 42: ‘During’, in’ and ‘for’ 1
- Page 43 and 44: F. Intensifiers ‘Very’, ‘too
- Page 45: 2. If we begin a sentence with a
- Page 49 and 50: D. Particular prepositions, particl
- Page 51 and 52: E. Particular prepositions, particl
- Page 53 and 54: d. Please put these dishes away. (a
- Page 55 and 56: 4. There are five groups of stative
- Page 57 and 58: 4. Repeated actions with e.g. alway
- Page 59 and 60: G. The simple future tense Some use
- Page 61 and 62: The future-in-the-past Sometimes we
- Page 63 and 64: Be, Have, Do A. ‘Be’ as a full
- Page 65 and 66: There are some children at the door
- Page 67 and 68: Compare: Have you/Do you have/Have
- Page 69 and 70: - present form: He must be right. H
- Page 71 and 72: 2. An ‘uncertain’ question may
- Page 73 and 74: 4. We may use the past perfect of b
- Page 75 and 76: 3. Had to shows that we couldn’t
- Page 77 and 78: The form of ‘dare’ as a modal a
- Page 79 and 80: The passive and the causative A. Ge
- Page 81 and 82: ‘Get’ in the causative: ‘get
- Page 83 and 84: I’ve seen no one/nobody. → I ha
- Page 85 and 86: Parallel responses: ‘John can …
- Page 87 and 88: G. Question-word questions (3): ‘
- Page 89 and 90: 2. We use ever after all question-w
- Page 91 and 92: B. Type 2 conditionals Type 2 condi
- Page 93 and 94: Direct and indirect speech A. Direc
- Page 95 and 96: Pronoun and adverb changes in indir
Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs<br />
A. Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions<br />
Words we can use either as prepositions or as adverbs<br />
1. <strong>The</strong>re are many ‘small words’ in English such as up, down, and by which we call<br />
prepositions.<br />
In fact, we use these as prepositions or adverb particles. Understanding the difference<br />
between the two will help us to understand ‘phrasal verbs’.<br />
2. A preposition must have an object (a noun or a pronoun), so it is always related to a noun:<br />
across the road, over the wall, up the hill, down the mountain.<br />
3. An adverb particle does not need an object, so it is more closely related to a verb:<br />
walk across, drive over, come up, climb down.<br />
4. We can use the following words either as prepositions or adverb particles:<br />
about, above, across, after, along, before, behind, below, beneath, between, beyond, by,<br />
down, in, inside, near, off, on, opposite, outside, over, past, round, through, under,<br />
underneath, up, without. This means we can say:<br />
We drove round the city. (round has a noun object, so it’s a preposition)<br />
We drove round. (round has no object, so it’s an adverb particle).<br />
Words we can use only as prepositions or only as adverbs<br />
1. We use some ‘small words’ only as prepositions, so they always have a noun or pronoun<br />
object: against, among, at, beside, during. Except, for, from, into, of, onto, on top of, out<br />
of, since, till/until, to, toward(s), upon, with. This means we have to say: e.g.<br />
Sit beside me. We can’t say *Sit beside.*<br />
2. We use other ‘small words’ only as adverb particles, so they do not have an object: away,<br />
back, backward(s), downward(s), forward(s), on top, out, upward(s). This means we have<br />
to say: e.g. Don’t go near the fire. Stay away! (Not *Stay away the fire!*)<br />
Words we can use either as prepositions or conjunctions<br />
1. <strong>The</strong>re are a few words we can use either as prepositions or conjunctions:<br />
after, as, before, since and till/until.<br />
2. When we use them as prepositions, we have a noun or pronoun object after them:<br />
Let’s have our meeting after lunch.<br />
3. When we use them as conjunctions, we have a clause after them:<br />
Let’s have our meeting after we have had lunch.<br />
Object pronouns after prepositions: ‘between you and me’<br />
We use the object from of a pronoun, not the subject form, after a preposition:<br />
Between you and me, I think he’s a fool. (Not *Between you and I*)<br />
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