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Adverbs
A. Adverbs of manner
Adverbs with and without ‘-ly’: ‘carefully’, ‘fast’
1. An adverb adds to the meaning of a verb. Adverbs of manner tells us how something
happen: How did John behave? – (He behaved) badly.
2. We form adverbs of manner by adding –ly to an adjective: slow/slowly.
After a consonant, -y changes to –i: heavy/heavily.
It was a slow train./The train went slowly . It was heavy rain./It rained heavily.
3. We can use some words as adjectives or adverbs without adding –ly or –ily:
It was a fast train. → The train went fast.
Other examples are: better, best, early, hard, high, last, late, monthly, near, wide, worse.
Two forms and different meanings: ‘hard/hardly’
Some adverbs have two forms, one without –ly and one with –ly.
These forms have different meanings and uses: e.g. hard/hardly, last/lastly, late/lately:
He played hard. He hardly played at all.
Adjectives which end in ‘-ly’: ‘friendly’
Some adjectives end in –ly: cowardly, friendly, lively. Lovely, motherly. Sickly, silly:
Meg’s a friendly girl. John gave me a friendly handshake.
If we want to use these words as adverbs we say in a friendly way/manner/fashion:
Meg always greets me in a friendly way. (Not *greets me friendly/friendlily*)
B. Adverbs of time
Points o time: ‘Monday’, ‘this morning’
1. Adverbs of time tell us when something happens. ‘Points of time’ tell us ‘exactly when’:
e.g. today, yesterday, this/next/last week, on Monday, at 5 o’clock.
2. We can refer to days of the week without this, last, next or on:
I’m seeing him Monday. (= this/next/on Monday). (Not *I saw him the Monday.*)
I saw him Monday. (= last/on Monday). (Not *I saw him the Monday.*)
3. This morning, etc. (Not *today morning* *today afternoon* etc.) can refer to:
- now: I feel terrible this morning.
- earlier: I spoke to him this morning.
- later on today: I’ll speak to him morning.
4. Note: tonight, tomorrow night and last night (Not *yesterday night*).
5. Note: the day before yesterday, the day after tomorrow (in the evening), etc.
6. We do not use the in phrases like next Monday, last Monday: I’ll see him next Monday.
7. We normally put time references at the end of a sentence or clause, but we can also put
them at the beginning: (This morning) I went to the dentist (this morning).
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