The sentence
The sentence The sentence
3. Mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, and theirs are possessive pronouns. This means they stand on their own: The book is mine. (Not *That is mine book*) We cannot use possessives with the. (Not *That’s the my car./That car’s the mine.*) The double genitive: ‘He is a friend of mine” 1. We can say: He is your friend. Or: He is a friend of yours. (No apostrophe: not *He is a friend of your’s.*) And not: He is a friend of mine. (Not *He is a friend of me.*) 2. We can say: He is my father’s friend. We still use ‘s after of if we say: He is a friend of my father’s. (Not *of my father*) 3. We often use this and that with this construction, especially when we are criticizing: That boy of yours is in trouble again. That motorbike of yours is very noisy ‘My own’ and ‘of my own’ We can use own after possessive adjectives, not pronouns, in two ways: I have my own room. Or: I have a room of my own. (Not *mine own room/of mine own*) ‘The’ in place of ‘my’, etc.: ‘a pain in the neck’ We sometimes use the where we might expect my, your, etc., e.g. with perts of the body or with clothing after prepositions: He hit me in the face. She pulled me by the sleeve. We use the to refer informally to members of the family: How are the children? But avoid expressions like ‘Meet the wife’. E. Reflexive pronouns (‘myself’) Verbs commonly followed by reflexive pronouns: ‘I enjoyed myself’ 1. Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself, ourselves, yourselves and themselves are reflexive pronouns. There aren’t many verbs in English which we must always use with reflexive pronouns: absent oneself, avail oneself (of) and pride oneself (on): Monica absented herself from work. Jim prides himself on his cooking. 2. We often use reflexive pronouns with these verbs: amuse, blame, cut, dry, enjoy, hurt and introduce: I’ve cut myself with the bread knife. We can use these verbs without reflexive pronouns if we want to: I’ve cut my thumb. We can use object pronouns (me, him, her, etc.) after these verbs only when we refer to someone else: He amused me (but not *I amused me/I cut me*, etc.) verb + reflexive, or not?: ‘I’ve dressed (myself)’ 1. We sometimes add reflexive pronouns after verbs like dress, hide, shave and wash for emphasis or to show that something has been done with an effort. For example, if we are referring to a child, we might say: Polly’s now learnt how to dress herself, but we could also say: Polly has now learnt how to dress. (without herself). The choice is ours. 26
2. Verbs such as get up, sit down, stand up, wake up and get wet, get tired, get dressed, get married are not normally reflexive in English: I sat down with difficulty. We might use a reflexive only for emphasis: I sat myself down with difficulty. Old Bill has got himself married at last! Reflexive pronouns used after prepositions and for emphasis 1. We can use reflexive pronouns: - after a preposition: Look after yourself! Take care of yourself! - in fixed expression: strictly between ourselves, just among ourselves, in itself. 2. We use object pronouns when we refer to: - place: Have you got any money on you? (Not *Have you got any money on yourself?*) - after with (= accompanied by): I brought the children with me. (Not *with myself*) 3. We use by + reflexive to mean ‘without help’ or ‘alone’: She made the dress by herself. (= without help) She lives by herself. (= alone) 4. We sometimes use reflexive pronouns after nouns and pronouns for emphasis to mean ‘that person/thing and only that person/thing’: The film itself is very good. You yourself saw it. The reflexive pronoun can also go at the end of a sentence or clause: You saw what happened yourself. Or:You yourself saw what happened. F. Demonstrative adjectives/pronouns (‘this’, etc.) ‘Some/any/no’ compounds (‘someone’, etc.) Different uses of ‘this’ and ‘that’ 1. The basic uses of this, these and that, those are: - this and these may refer to something that is close to you: this one here. - that and those may refer to something that is not close to you: that on there. 2. You can use this and that in may different contexts and situations. For examples: when you are showing someone round the house: This is my room. When you recognize someone you are looking for: There he is – that’s him! Uses of ‘some/any/no’ compounds 1. We use some compounds in: - the affirmative: I met someone you know last night. - questions expecting ‘yes’: Was there something you wanted? - offers and requests: Would you like something to drink? 2. We use any compounds in: - negative statements: There isn’t anyone here who can help you. - questions when we’re doubtful about the answer: Is there anyone here who’s a doctor? 3. We use no compounds when the verb is affirmative: There’s no one here. (= not anyone) 27
- Page 1 and 2: The sentence A: Sentence word order
- Page 3 and 4: Verb + object + ‘to’ + noun or
- Page 5 and 6: Noun clause derived from questions
- Page 7 and 8: 3. In sentences like: Our new secre
- Page 9 and 10: Adverbial clauses of purpose with
- Page 11 and 12: t 2. We sometimes use the past part
- Page 13 and 14: Apostrophe s(‘s) or compound noun
- Page 15 and 16: E. Number (singular and plural) (1)
- Page 17 and 18: 3. We still have a few male and fem
- Page 19 and 20: Articles A. The indefinite article:
- Page 21 and 22: ‘The’ to refer to things that a
- Page 23 and 24: 2. Zero for: countries (Turkey), st
- Page 25: C. ‘It’ and ‘one/some/any/non
- Page 29 and 30: Quantity A. Quantifiers + countable
- Page 31 and 32: ‘Not …any’, ‘no’ and ‘n
- Page 33 and 34: ‘None of’ and ‘neither of’
- Page 35 and 36: Adjectives A. Formation of adjectiv
- Page 37 and 38: D. Adjectives after ‘be’, ‘se
- Page 39 and 40: Adverbs A. Adverbs of manner Adverb
- Page 41 and 42: ‘During’, in’ and ‘for’ 1
- Page 43 and 44: F. Intensifiers ‘Very’, ‘too
- Page 45 and 46: 2. If we begin a sentence with a
- Page 47 and 48: B. Prepositions of movement and pos
- Page 49 and 50: D. Particular prepositions, particl
- Page 51 and 52: E. Particular prepositions, particl
- Page 53 and 54: d. Please put these dishes away. (a
- Page 55 and 56: 4. There are five groups of stative
- Page 57 and 58: 4. Repeated actions with e.g. alway
- Page 59 and 60: G. The simple future tense Some use
- Page 61 and 62: The future-in-the-past Sometimes we
- Page 63 and 64: Be, Have, Do A. ‘Be’ as a full
- Page 65 and 66: There are some children at the door
- Page 67 and 68: Compare: Have you/Do you have/Have
- Page 69 and 70: - present form: He must be right. H
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2. Verbs such as get up, sit down, stand up, wake up and get wet, get tired, get dressed, get<br />
married are not normally reflexive in English: I sat down with difficulty.<br />
We might use a reflexive only for emphasis:<br />
I sat myself down with difficulty. Old Bill has got himself married at last!<br />
Reflexive pronouns used after prepositions and for emphasis<br />
1. We can use reflexive pronouns:<br />
- after a preposition: Look after yourself! Take care of yourself!<br />
- in fixed expression: strictly between ourselves, just among ourselves, in itself.<br />
2. We use object pronouns when we refer to:<br />
- place: Have you got any money on you? (Not *Have you got any money on yourself?*)<br />
- after with (= accompanied by): I brought the children with me. (Not *with myself*)<br />
3. We use by + reflexive to mean ‘without help’ or ‘alone’:<br />
She made the dress by herself. (= without help) She lives by herself. (= alone)<br />
4. We sometimes use reflexive pronouns after nouns and pronouns for emphasis to mean<br />
‘that person/thing and only that person/thing’:<br />
<strong>The</strong> film itself is very good. You yourself saw it.<br />
<strong>The</strong> reflexive pronoun can also go at the end of a <strong>sentence</strong> or clause:<br />
You saw what happened yourself. Or:You yourself saw what happened.<br />
F. Demonstrative adjectives/pronouns (‘this’, etc.)<br />
‘Some/any/no’ compounds (‘someone’, etc.)<br />
Different uses of ‘this’ and ‘that’<br />
1. <strong>The</strong> basic uses of this, these and that, those are:<br />
- this and these may refer to something that is close to you: this one here.<br />
- that and those may refer to something that is not close to you: that on there.<br />
2. You can use this and that in may different contexts and situations. For examples:<br />
when you are showing someone round the house: This is my room.<br />
When you recognize someone you are looking for: <strong>The</strong>re he is – that’s him!<br />
Uses of ‘some/any/no’ compounds<br />
1. We use some compounds in:<br />
- the affirmative: I met someone you know last night.<br />
- questions expecting ‘yes’: Was there something you wanted?<br />
- offers and requests: Would you like something to drink?<br />
2. We use any compounds in:<br />
- negative statements: <strong>The</strong>re isn’t anyone here who can help you.<br />
- questions when we’re doubtful about the answer: Is there anyone here who’s a doctor?<br />
3. We use no compounds when the verb is affirmative: <strong>The</strong>re’s no one here. (= not anyone)<br />
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