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Omission of the noun after ‘s We generally omit the noun after ‘s when referring to work-places, shops, and houses: The doctor’s, rather than the doctor’s surgery, my mother’s rather than my mother’s house. 18
Articles A. The indefinite article: ‘a/an’ (1) General statements with ‘a/an’ and zero (Ø) 1. A and an have exactly the same meaning. We use a in front of consonant sounds (a man, a year) and an in front of vowel sounds (an umbrella, an eye, an hour). 2. We can talk about people or things ‘in general’ with a/an or with the plural. Instead of: Cats are domestic animals: (=’cats in general’) We can say: A cat is a domestic animal. (=’cats in general’) The ‘plural form’ of ‘a/an’ 1. The plural of a/an is zero (Ø) when we refer to ‘things in general’: A cat is a domestic animal. → (Ø) Cats are (Ø) domestic animals. 2. The plural of a/an is some or any when we refer to ‘quantity’: There’s a sandwich on the plate. → There are some sandwiches on the plate. We use numbers in place of a/an and some/any when we are counting: There’s only one sandwich left. → There are only four sandwiches left. Describing people and things with ‘a/an’ + noun: ‘He’s a doctor’ 1. We use some words as adjectives or nouns when we want to describe people. When we use them as countable nouns, we always put a/an in front of them, e.g. - nationality: She’s American. (Adjective) or: She’s an American.(noun) - religion: She’s Anglican. (adjective) or: She’s an Anglican. (noun) - politics: He’s Conservative. (adjective) or: He’s a Conservative. (noun) 2. We use some words only as countable nouns (people and things) and we always put a/an in front of them: He’s a doctor . (Not *He’s doctor.*) It’s a tree. (Not *It’s tree.*) We can also us adjective + noun: She’s a good girl. (Not *She’s good girl.*) 3. we can use a/an in front of proper nouns (names spelt with a capital leerer) for: - members of a family: He’s a Forsyte. (= a member of the Forsyte family) - literature and art: It’s a Dickens novel. It’s a Brecht play. Sometimes we can use the name on its own. We can say It’s a Rembrandt painting or It’s a Rembrandt. B. The indefinite article: ‘a/an’ (2) The use of ‘a/an’ when something is mentioned for the first time We use a/an to induce a person or thing for the first time. This shows that the listener or reader doesn’t know what we are referring to. After this first reference, we use the . I watched a car as it came up our road, the car stopped outside our house and a man got out. The man was carrying a case in his hand. With the case in his hand, the man looked like a salesman. 19
Page 1 and 2: The sentence A: Sentence word order
Page 3 and 4: Verb + object + ‘to’ + noun or
Page 5 and 6: Noun clause derived from questions
Page 7 and 8: 3. In sentences like: Our new secre
Page 9 and 10: Adverbial clauses of purpose with
Page 11 and 12: t 2. We sometimes use the past part
Page 13 and 14: Apostrophe s(‘s) or compound noun
Page 15 and 16: E. Number (singular and plural) (1)
Page 17: 3. We still have a few male and fem
Page 21 and 22: ‘The’ to refer to things that a
Page 23 and 24: 2. Zero for: countries (Turkey), st
Page 25 and 26: C. ‘It’ and ‘one/some/any/non
Page 27 and 28: 2. Verbs such as get up, sit down,
Page 29 and 30: Quantity A. Quantifiers + countable
Page 31 and 32: ‘Not …any’, ‘no’ and ‘n
Page 33 and 34: ‘None of’ and ‘neither of’
Page 35 and 36: Adjectives A. Formation of adjectiv
Page 37 and 38: D. Adjectives after ‘be’, ‘se
Page 39 and 40: Adverbs A. Adverbs of manner Adverb
Page 41 and 42: ‘During’, in’ and ‘for’ 1
Page 43 and 44: F. Intensifiers ‘Very’, ‘too
Page 45 and 46: 2. If we begin a sentence with a
Page 47 and 48: B. Prepositions of movement and pos
Page 49 and 50: D. Particular prepositions, particl
Page 51 and 52: E. Particular prepositions, particl
Page 53 and 54: d. Please put these dishes away. (a
Page 55 and 56: 4. There are five groups of stative
Page 57 and 58: 4. Repeated actions with e.g. alway
Page 59 and 60: G. The simple future tense Some use
Page 61 and 62: The future-in-the-past Sometimes we
Page 63 and 64: Be, Have, Do A. ‘Be’ as a full
Page 65 and 66: There are some children at the door
Page 67 and 68: Compare: Have you/Do you have/Have
Page 69 and 70:
- present form: He must be right. H
Page 71 and 72:
2. An ‘uncertain’ question may
Page 73 and 74:
4. We may use the past perfect of b
Page 75 and 76:
3. Had to shows that we couldn’t
Page 77 and 78:
The form of ‘dare’ as a modal a
Page 79 and 80:
The passive and the causative A. Ge
Page 81 and 82:
‘Get’ in the causative: ‘get
Page 83 and 84:
I’ve seen no one/nobody. → I ha
Page 85 and 86:
Parallel responses: ‘John can …
Page 87 and 88:
G. Question-word questions (3): ‘
Page 89 and 90:
2. We use ever after all question-w
Page 91 and 92:
B. Type 2 conditionals Type 2 condi
Page 93 and 94:
Direct and indirect speech A. Direc
Page 95 and 96:
Pronoun and adverb changes in indir
Page 97 and 98:
The infinitive and the ‘-ing’ f
Page 99 and 100:
‘I know him to be an honest man
Page 101 and 102:
‘I can’t imagine my mother (‘
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