The sentence
The sentence The sentence
The present participle in place of relative clauses 1. We can sometimes omit who or which + is/are when we use the present progressive. Instead of: The man who is serving at the counter is very helpful. We can say: The man serving at the counter is very helpful. Instead of: The new law applies to vehicles which are carrying heavy loads. We can say: The new law applies to vehicles carrying heavy loads. 2. We can sometimes use –ing in place of who or which + simple present: Instead of: This job will suit students who want to work during the holidays. We can say: This job will suit students wanting to work during the holidays. L. The complex sentence: perfect/past participle constructions ‘Being’ and ‘having been’ 1. We sometimes use being in place of is, are, was or were, though this is often formal: Instead of: I was lost, so I had to ask someone the way. We can say: Being lost, I had to ask someone the way. 2. We sometimes use having been in place of have been or had been (also formal): Instead of: I’ve been abroad, so I missed the elections. We can say: Having been abroad, I missed the elections. ‘It being’ and ‘there being’ 1. We sometimes use it being in place of it is or it was (formal): Instead of: It was Sunday, so it was hard to find a garage open. We can say: It being Sunday, it was hard to find a garage open. 2. We sometimes use there being in place of there is or there was (formal) Instead of: There was so much noise, I couldn’t hear what was going on. We can say: There being so much noise, I couldn’t heat what was going on. 3. We can use it being and there being after without (formal): They often dig up the roads without it being necessary. (= it isn’t necessary) She suddenly began shouting without there being any reason. (= there was no reason) Agreement between present participle and subject We have to be very careful to make the participle agree with the subject of both verbs: Turning the corner, I saw a tile fall off the roof. (= I turned … and I saw …) If we say or write *Turning the corner, the tile fell off the roof*, this means ‘the tile was turning the corner and then fell off the roof’. The sentence is nonsense! Past participle constructions 1. The past participle is the third part of a verb: play – played – played (regular verbs); build – built – built (irregular verbs) 10
t 2. We sometimes use the past participle instead of the passive: Viewed from a dis ance, it resembled a cloud. (When it was viewed …) Although built years ago, it was in good order. (Although it was built …) If accepted for the job, you will be informed soon. (If you are accepted) 3. We can omit who and which: The system used here is very successful. (which is used …) 11
- Page 1 and 2: The sentence A: Sentence word order
- Page 3 and 4: Verb + object + ‘to’ + noun or
- Page 5 and 6: Noun clause derived from questions
- Page 7 and 8: 3. In sentences like: Our new secre
- Page 9: Adverbial clauses of purpose with
- Page 13 and 14: Apostrophe s(‘s) or compound noun
- Page 15 and 16: E. Number (singular and plural) (1)
- Page 17 and 18: 3. We still have a few male and fem
- Page 19 and 20: Articles A. The indefinite article:
- Page 21 and 22: ‘The’ to refer to things that a
- Page 23 and 24: 2. Zero for: countries (Turkey), st
- Page 25 and 26: C. ‘It’ and ‘one/some/any/non
- Page 27 and 28: 2. Verbs such as get up, sit down,
- Page 29 and 30: Quantity A. Quantifiers + countable
- Page 31 and 32: ‘Not …any’, ‘no’ and ‘n
- Page 33 and 34: ‘None of’ and ‘neither of’
- Page 35 and 36: Adjectives A. Formation of adjectiv
- Page 37 and 38: D. Adjectives after ‘be’, ‘se
- Page 39 and 40: Adverbs A. Adverbs of manner Adverb
- Page 41 and 42: ‘During’, in’ and ‘for’ 1
- Page 43 and 44: F. Intensifiers ‘Very’, ‘too
- Page 45 and 46: 2. If we begin a sentence with a
- Page 47 and 48: B. Prepositions of movement and pos
- Page 49 and 50: D. Particular prepositions, particl
- Page 51 and 52: E. Particular prepositions, particl
- Page 53 and 54: d. Please put these dishes away. (a
- Page 55 and 56: 4. There are five groups of stative
- Page 57 and 58: 4. Repeated actions with e.g. alway
- Page 59 and 60: G. The simple future tense Some use
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2. We sometimes use the past participle instead of the passive:<br />
Viewed from a dis ance, it resembled a cloud. (When it was viewed …)<br />
Although built years ago, it was in good order. (Although it was built …)<br />
If accepted for the job, you will be informed soon. (If you are accepted)<br />
3. We can omit who and which: <strong>The</strong> system used here is very successful. (which is used …)<br />
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