SYMPOSIA
SYMPOSIA
SYMPOSIA
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Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Vol: 21, Supplement: 2, 2011 - www.psikofarmakoloji.org<br />
Abstracts of the Invited Speakers<br />
inhibit neurogenesis in the hippocampus, subventricular zone and olfactory epithelium and this inhibition can remit by pharmacological<br />
treatments. There are case reports and studies with limited cases, which suggest that effective psychotherapy can reduce symptoms and<br />
this reduction can change the in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. It may be hypothesized that in an effective psychotherapy process,<br />
coping with stress, new relationship experiences and learning can increase neurogenesis and this may be one of the mechanisms of<br />
effectiveness of psychotherapy. This hypothesis should be tested with animal and human studies in which neurobiology; psychiatry and<br />
neuroscience disciplines can interact and work together.<br />
References:<br />
1. Korosi A et al. Early-life stress mediated modulation of adult neurogenesis and behavior. Behav Brain Res. (2011) doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.07.037<br />
2. McEven BS. Stress, sex, and neural adaptation to a changing environment: mechanisms of neuronal remodeling. Ann NY Acad Sci 2010 Sep;1204 Suppl:E38-59.<br />
3. Miranda Olffa, Giel-Jan de Vriesa, Yener Guzelcana, Johanna Assiesc, Berthold P.R. Gersons. Changes in cortisol and DHEA plasma levels after psychotherapy for<br />
PTSD. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2007) 32, 619–626<br />
Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2011;21(Suppl. 2):S90-1<br />
Are the effects of psychopharmacological and other therapeutic approaches neuroregenerative or<br />
neurodegenerative? Review of recent data and effects of physical exercise<br />
Hakan Balıbey<br />
Ankara Military Hospital, Psychiatry Clinic, Ankara, Turkey<br />
E-mail: hbalibey@gmail.com<br />
Research in humans and animals has shown that exercise improves mood and cognition. Physical activity has been consistently shown<br />
to be associated with improved physical health, life satisfaction, cognitive functioning, and psychological well-being. Conversely, physical<br />
inactivity appears to be associated with the development of psychological disorders.<br />
Physical activity also causes a robust increase in neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, an important brain area<br />
for learning and memory. The results of epidemiological studies (cross-sectional, prospective and retrospective) support a positive<br />
relationship between cognition and physical activities. They include supramolecular mechanisms (e.g. neurogenesis, synaptogenesis,<br />
and angiogenesis) which, are in turn controlled by molecular mechanisms, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like<br />
growth factor (IGF-1), hormones and second messengers.<br />
An active lifestyle might prevent or delay loss of cognitive function with aging or neurodegenerative disease. Exercise could involve<br />
common cellular pathways important for neurogenesis, cell survival, synaptic plasticity and vascular function. Optimal maintenance of<br />
brain health might depend on exercise. The beneficial effects of exercise are likely to be mediated in part by hippocampal neurogenesis.<br />
Further investigation into the functional significance of neurogenesis, by designing behavioral tasks that are specific for the dentate gyrus,<br />
will help to determine the relative contribution of the new cells.<br />
Exercise influences brain vasculature. In particular, physical activity increases the proliferation of brain endothelial cells and angiogenesis<br />
throughout the brain. Growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) play an<br />
important role in the angiogenic and neurogenic effects of exercise on the brain. The neurotrophin BDNF is considered to be the most<br />
important factor upregulated by physical activity because it has an important role in synaptic plasticity and cell genesis, growth and<br />
survival. Interestingly, there is a positive interaction between BDNF expression and serotonin. Serotonin receptor activation enhances<br />
BDNF expression in hippocampal cells, BDNF is recognized to be a key protein modulating brain plasticity and it is distributed widely<br />
throughout the brain. In humans, serum BDNF concentrations rise after exercise.<br />
The involvement of such pathways, particularly in the hippocampus, may in turn lead to an improvement in cognitive function,<br />
enhancement of psychological well-being, and a decrease in the risks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and dementia as well as decreases in<br />
symptoms of depression and anxiety. While intense exercise (as observed in conditions such as “excessive exercise” and “overtraining<br />
syndrome”) leads to a lessening of anxiety, these mood variations are more related to the construct of depression than to the construct<br />
of anxiety.<br />
Physiological effects of exercise and the benefits of exercise on psychiatric disorders will be discussed in the light of current literature in<br />
this presentation.<br />
Key words: Physical activity, exercise, BDNF, hippocampal neurogenesis, neuroregeneration, neurodegeneration, synaptic plasticity, cognition,<br />
mood<br />
S91