EPSc 201 Lecture 10 - Minerals.pdf
EPSc 201 Lecture 10 - Minerals.pdf
EPSc 201 Lecture 10 - Minerals.pdf
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<strong>Minerals</strong><br />
<strong>Lecture</strong> <strong>10</strong>
Syllabus<br />
Earth’s Structure<br />
Earth’s Materials
<strong>Minerals</strong>: Building Blocks for Rocks
<strong>Minerals</strong>: All Around Us
Mineral: “any…<br />
<strong>Minerals</strong> Defined<br />
1. naturally occurring,<br />
2. inorganic solid<br />
3. that possesses and orderly crystalline structure<br />
4. and a well-defined chemical composition.”
Naturally Occurring(?)<br />
Textbook: “<strong>Minerals</strong> form by natural, geologic processes. Consequently,<br />
synthetic diamonds and rubies…produced in a laboratory are not considered<br />
minerals.”<br />
Synthetic Diamond Naturally Occurring Diamond
Generally, organic means<br />
either:<br />
1. Carbon bearing<br />
2. Biogenic<br />
Some minerals are carbon<br />
bearing, however they are<br />
considered inorganic<br />
Inorganic<br />
CaCO 3<br />
C
“naturally” occurring<br />
-and-<br />
biogenic<br />
Inorganic<br />
Hydroxylapatite<br />
Ca 5(PO 4) 3(OH)
Mineral<br />
Not Mineral<br />
Solid Structure<br />
Not Mineral
Orderly Crystalline Structure<br />
Carbon atoms arranged in a repeated pattern<br />
Diamond
Red = Sodium<br />
Blue = Chlorine<br />
Na 8Cl 8<br />
NaCl<br />
Well Defined Chemical Composition<br />
= =<br />
Table Salt<br />
Halite
Atoms: Building Blocks for <strong>Minerals</strong><br />
Rhodocrosite Aragonite<br />
MnCO 3<br />
CaCO 3
Neutron (no charge)<br />
Proton (+)<br />
Electron (-)<br />
Proton = 1.6726 × <strong>10</strong> -27 kg<br />
Neutron = 1.6749×<strong>10</strong> −27 kg<br />
Electron = 9.<strong>10</strong>9 × <strong>10</strong> -31 kg<br />
Bonding: Atoms
Bonding: Valance Electrons<br />
valance electrons
Bonding: Valance Electrons
Bonding: Ionic Radius
Other Salts<br />
Sylvite (KCl)
The Periodic Table
Bromellite<br />
Behoite<br />
Clinobehoite<br />
Hambergite<br />
Sphaerobertrandite !<br />
Phenakite<br />
Berborite<br />
Beryllite<br />
Bertrandite<br />
Swedenborgite<br />
Glucine<br />
Moraesite<br />
Rhodizite<br />
Liberite<br />
Weinebeneite<br />
Bearsite<br />
Hurlbutite<br />
Chrysoberyl<br />
Beryllonite<br />
Uralolite<br />
Tiptopite<br />
Wawayandaite<br />
Euclase<br />
Niveolanite !<br />
Pahasapaite<br />
Trimerite<br />
Hsianghualite<br />
Hydroxylherderite<br />
Londonite !<br />
Barylite<br />
Herderite<br />
Clinobarylite !<br />
Alflarsenite<br />
Vayrynenite<br />
Beryl<br />
<strong>Minerals</strong> Containing Beryllium<br />
Helvite<br />
Danalite<br />
Bazzite<br />
Stoppaniite !<br />
Genthelvite<br />
Bergslagite<br />
Chkalovite<br />
Aminoffite<br />
Hingganite-(Y)<br />
Pezzottaite !<br />
Harstigite<br />
Minasgeraisite-(Y)<br />
Hingganite-(Yb)<br />
Hingganite-(Ce)<br />
Gadolinite-(Y)<br />
Leucophanite<br />
Calciogadolinite ?<br />
Meliphanite<br />
Epididymite<br />
Eudidymite<br />
Tvedalite<br />
Gugiaite<br />
Babefphite<br />
Zanazziite<br />
Footemineite !<br />
Parafransoletite<br />
Chiavennite<br />
Sverigeite<br />
Ruifrancoite !<br />
Atencioite !<br />
Greifensteinite !<br />
Roscherite<br />
Guimaraesite<br />
Bussyite-(Ce) !<br />
Fransoletite<br />
Semenovite<br />
Gadolinite-(Ce)<br />
Bavenite<br />
Faheyite<br />
Oftedalite !<br />
Jeffreyite<br />
Odintsovite<br />
Lovdarite<br />
Sorensenite<br />
Bityite<br />
Nabesite !<br />
Samfowlerite<br />
Hogtuvaite<br />
Tugtupite<br />
Magnesiotaaffeite-6N3S !<br />
Ehrleite<br />
Almarudite !<br />
Milarite<br />
Ferrotaaffeite-6N3S<br />
Asbecasite<br />
Friedrichbeckeite !<br />
Welshite<br />
Roggianite<br />
Surinamite<br />
Magnesiotaaffeite-2N2S<br />
Joesmithite<br />
Leifite<br />
Eirikite !<br />
Telyushenkoite !<br />
Calcybeborosilite-(Y) !<br />
Khmaralite !<br />
Selwynite<br />
Makarochkinite !<br />
Mccrillisite<br />
Gainesite<br />
Mottanaite-(Ce) !<br />
Ciprianiite !<br />
Paravinogradovite !<br />
Hyalotekite<br />
Piergorite-(Ce) !<br />
Okanoganite-(Y)
Element Abundances in the Solar System
Abundance of Elements in Earth
Crust: more silicon<br />
and aluminum<br />
Mantle: less silicon;<br />
more magnesium<br />
Element Abundances in Earth<br />
Important: The crust is generally more silica rich than the mantle
Composition of the Crust
Si 4+<br />
Silicon + Oxygen<br />
O 2-<br />
0.54 Å 1.26 Å
Silica Tetrahedron<br />
SiO 4 4-
Silicates:<br />
• 90% of Earth’s crust<br />
• <strong>Minerals</strong> extremely<br />
variable in<br />
composition and<br />
abundance<br />
Silicate <strong>Minerals</strong><br />
Quartz<br />
SiO 2<br />
Dumortierite<br />
Al 7BO 3(SiO 4) 3O 3
Networks of Silica Tetrahedra
Networks of Silica Tetrahedra
Networks of Silica Tetrahedra
Other cations like Mg2+<br />
or Fe2+ must be used to<br />
balance excess charge of<br />
the silica and fit into the<br />
gaps in the structure.<br />
Other Cations
Independent Tetrahedra, Single Chain, Double Chain<br />
What is the ratio of<br />
silicon to oxygen?<br />
1:4<br />
1:3<br />
4:11<br />
Pyroxene Group<br />
Amphibole Group
What is the ratio of<br />
silicon to oxygen?<br />
2:5<br />
Sheet Silicate<br />
Micas
What is the ratio of<br />
silicon to oxygen?<br />
1:2<br />
Three-Dimensional Networks
Mineral Properties<br />
• Color<br />
• Hardness<br />
• Luster<br />
• Cleavage<br />
Mineral Identification
Mineral Properties<br />
• Color<br />
• Hardness<br />
• Luster<br />
• Cleavage<br />
Mineral Identification<br />
Mohs Hardness Scale
Mineral Properties<br />
• Color<br />
• Hardness<br />
• Luster<br />
• Cleavage<br />
Mineral Identification
Mineral Properties<br />
• Color<br />
• Hardness<br />
• Luster<br />
• Cleavage<br />
Mineral Identification
Micas,<br />
5%<br />
Other<br />
silicates, 3%<br />
Clays, 5%<br />
Amphiboles, 5%<br />
Pyroxenes, 11%<br />
Amphibole ~ 2.9 g/cc<br />
Abundance of <strong>Minerals</strong> in the Crust<br />
Quartz, 12%<br />
Pyroxenes = 3.2-3.3 g/cc<br />
Nonsilicates, 8%<br />
Potassium<br />
feldspars, 12%<br />
Plagioclase<br />
feldspars, 39%<br />
Quartz = 2.65 g/cc<br />
Feldspar = 2.55-2.75 g/cc
Abundance of <strong>Minerals</strong> in the Upper Mantle<br />
Clinopyroxene<br />
<strong>10</strong>%<br />
Orthopyroxene<br />
25%<br />
Pyroxenes = 3.2-3.3 g/cc<br />
Garnet<br />
5%<br />
Garnet = 3.1-4.3 g/cc<br />
Olivine<br />
60%<br />
Olivine = 3.3 g/cc
Crustal <strong>Minerals</strong>
Quartz<br />
SiO 2
Feldspar Group<br />
Potassium Feldspar Plagioclase Feldspar<br />
Orthoclase: KAlSi 3O 8<br />
Albite: NaAlSi 3O 8<br />
Anorthite: CaAl 2Si 2O 8
Albite: NaAlSi 3O 8<br />
Feldspar Group: Ternary Diagram<br />
Orthoclase: KAlSi 3O 8<br />
Labradorite<br />
Anorthite: CaAl 2Si 2O 8
Amphibole<br />
Hornblende<br />
Ca 2(Mg,Fe,Al) 5(Al,Si) 8O 22(OH) 2<br />
~120 o
Amphibole<br />
Tremolite<br />
Ca 2Mg 5Si 8O 22(OH) 2
Mica<br />
Muscovite<br />
KAl 2(AlSi 3O <strong>10</strong>)(F,OH) 2
Clay <strong>Minerals</strong><br />
Kaolinite<br />
Al 2Si 2O 5(OH) 4
Mantle <strong>Minerals</strong>
Pyroxenes<br />
____ 2Si 2O 6
Enstatite<br />
(orthopyroxene)<br />
Mg 2Si 2O 6<br />
Pyroxenes<br />
Diopside<br />
(clinopyroxene)<br />
CaMgSi 2O 6
Mg 2SiO 4<br />
Solid Solution<br />
<br />
Fe 2SiO 4<br />
Mantle Composition<br />
Mg 1.8Fe 0.2SiO 4<br />
Olivine<br />
(Mg,Fe) 2SiO 4
Oxides: MgO; Fe 3O 4<br />
Sulfides: Fe 2S, AsS<br />
Sulfates: CaSO 4<br />
Halides: NaCl; KCl<br />
Carbonates: CaCO 3; MgCO 3<br />
Non-Silicates<br />
Magnetite: Fe 3O 4<br />
Gypsum: CaSO 4·2H 2O
Mineral Collections<br />
WUSTL Rock and Mineral Museum<br />
Pack up and then head downstairs to Room <strong>10</strong>1
Next Time<br />
Igneous Rocks (Chapter 4)
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