Report - DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi

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Fugitive emissions from oil include emissions from offshore extraction, from
onshore oil tanks and from onshore and offshore loading of ships.
The total emission can be expressed as:
( ( + ( + (
= &R
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Fugitive emissions from extraction
According to the EMEP/EEA Guidebook (EMEP/EEA, 2009) the total fugitive
emissions of volatile organic components (VOC) from extraction of oil
and gas can be estimated by means of equation 3.4.3.
( = . 2⋅
1 + 1.
1⋅10
3 + 8.
5⋅10
⋅ 3
,
40 &R
−2 −6
where Eextraction,VOC is the emission of VOC in Mg/year, NP is the number of
platforms, Pgas is the production of gas, 10 6 Nm 3 and Poil is the production of
oil, 10 6 tonnes.
It is assumed that the VOC contains 75 % CH4 and 25 % NMVOC and in
consequence the total emission of NMVOC for extraction of oil and gas can
be calculated as:
( , 0. 25 ⋅ (
,
= &R
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Fugitive emissions of NMVOC from loading of ships include the transfer of
oil from storage tanks or directly from the well into ships. The activity also
includes losses during transport. When oil is loaded hydrocarbon vapour
will be displaced by oil and new vapour will be formed, both leading to
emissions. The emissions from ships are calculated by equation 3.4.5.
( (0) ,
⋅/
,
+ (0) ,
⋅/
,
= &R
where EMFships is the emission factor for loading of ships and Loil is the
amount of oil loaded.
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The NMVOC emissions for storage of oil are given in the environmental reports
from DONG Oil Pipe for 2010 (DONG Oil Pipe A/S, 2011). An implied
emission factor is calculated on the basis of the amount of oil transported in
pipelines according to equation 3.4.6.
,() ( ÷ 7
= &R
where IEFtanks is the implied emission factor for storage of raw oil in tanks,
Etanks is the emission and Toil is the amount of oil transported in pipelines.
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NMVOC emissions from service stations are estimated as outlined in equation
3.4.7.
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( (0) ⋅7
) + ( (0) 7 )
( ⋅
= &R