Report - DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi

Where FC = fuel consumption (kg), m = LTO mode (approach/landing, taxiing,
take off, climb out), t = times in mode (s), ff = fuel flow (kg pr s), a = representative
aircraft type.
The emissions for one LTO cycle are estimated as follows:
4
∑
( )&
,
⋅ (,
,
Due to lack of specific airport data, for approach/descent, take off and climb
out, standardised times-in-modes of 4, 0.7 and 2.2 mins are used as defined
by ICAO (ICAO, 1995), whereas for taxiing the appropriate time interval is
13 mins in Copenhagen Airport and 5 mins in other airports present in the
Danish inventory.
To estimate cruise results, fuel consumption and emissions for standard flying
distances from EMEP/EEA (2009) are interpolated or extrapolated – in
each case determined by the great circle distance between the origin and the
destination airports.
If the great circle distance, y, is smaller than the maximum distance for
which fuel consumption and emission data are given in the EMEP/EEA data
bank the fuel consumption or emission E (y) becomes:
( \ − [ )
( ( \ ) = ( + ⋅ ( ( − (
+ 1
[ − [
+ 1
)
Z Y J Ë NBY
*O Y BOE Y EFOPNJOBUF UIF TFQBSBUF EJTUBODFT BOE UIF NBYJNVN EJT
UBODF SFTQFDUJWFMZ XJUI LOPXO GVFM DPOTVNQUJPO BOE FNJTTJPOT *G UIF GMJHIU EJT
UBODF Z FYDFFET Y UIF NBYJNVN GJHVSFT GPS GVFM DPOTVNQUJPO BOE FNJTTJPOT
NVTU CF FYUSBQPMBUFE BOE UIF FRVBUJPO UIFO CFDPNFT
( \ − [ max )
( ( \ ) = ( +
⋅ ( ( − ( ) Z Y
ÃÃÃ
max
max
max −1
[ − [
max
max−1
Total results are summed up and categorised according to each flight’s airport
and country codes.
The overall fuel precision in the model is around 0.8, derived as the fuel ratio
between model estimates and statistical sales. The fuel difference is accounted
for by adjusting cruising fuel consumption and emissions in the
model according to domestic and international cruising fuel shares.
Prior to 2001, the calculation procedure was first to estimate each year’s fuel
consumption and emissions for LTO. Secondly, total cruising fuel consumption
was found year by year as the statistical fuel consumption total minus
the calculated fuel consumption for LTO. Lastly, the cruising fuel consumption
was split into a domestic and international part by using the results
from a Danish city-pair emission inventory in 1998 (Winther, 2001a). For
more details of this latter fuel allocation procedure, see Winther (2001b).
/PO SPBE XPSLJOH NBDIJOFSZ BOE SFDSFBUJPOBM DSBGU
Prior to adjustments for deterioration effects and transient engine operations,
the fuel consumption and emissions in year X, for a given machinery
type, engine size and engine age, are calculated as: