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CHAPTER 1 Diversity and ecology of tropical African fungal spores 1980). Spores of Epicoccum are common in the Glacial, Late-Glacial and earliest Holocene sections of the Challa record, but become less frequent after 10,000 cal. yr BP. Type HdV-1012: cf. Sordaria sp. (Plate I; Fig. 1.2) Ascospores ellipsoidal, 17-24 x 10-12 µm, with one pronounced apical pore and a much smaller pore at the other end. Type HdV-1012 spores are similar to Sordaria-like ascospores recorded in samples from European archaeological sites (Bakker and van Smeerdijk, 1982; Buurman et al., 1995; van Geel et al., 1981, 1983a, b, 2003), often in combination with ascospores of other coprophilous Ascomycetes. Sordaria species are not obligatory coprophilous (Munk, 1957). These spores are uncommon in the Challa record but found more or less throughout the sequence. Type HdV-1013: Cercophora type (Plate I) Ascospores with truncate base (in some cases the hyaline pedicel is partly preserved) and conical apex with pore; spores ca. 20-25 x 12 µm (excl. pedicel). Jarzen and Elsik (1986) recorded similar spores as Basidiosporites in river deposits in Zambia. Cercophora species are Ascomycetes known from woody substrates, herbaceous stems and leaves and dung (Lundqvist, 1972). The fossil record of similar ascospores (Type HdV-112) in European sites in relation to independent archaeological information (Buurman et al., 1995; van Geel et al., 1981, 1983a, 2003) indicates that Cercophora type spores often can be used as an indication for animal dung in the vicinity of the sample site. Based on variation in ascospore size and morphology, several different species are probably present in the Challa collection. A total of 10 specimens were recovered, distributed throughout the record. Type HdV-1014: Rosellinia type (Plate I; Fig. 1.2) Ascospores fusiform, ca. 28 x 10 µm, with a long, oblique germ split. The species is reported to grow either on herbaceous or woody substrates, in alpine and subalpine regions of Europe and North America (Petrini and Petrini, 1989). Uncommon in the Challa record but found more or less throughout the sequence. Types HdV-1015A-C: Dictyoarthrinium cf. sacchari (J.A. Stev.) Damon (Plate II; Fig. 1.2) Conidia square, cruciately septate, flattened in one plane, verruculose, 10-16 µm in diameter. The three Types (differing in the number of appendages, see Plate II) were in first instance recorded separately, but later grouped together and represented by one curve in Fig. 1.2. Dictyoarthrinium sacchari is reported from a variety of tropical plants (Ellis, 1971). In the Challa record these conidia are rare in the Glacial and Late-Glacial sections, becoming more common during the Holocene. Type HdV-1018A-B: Spegazzinia tessarthra (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc. (Plate II; Fig. 1.2) Conidia cruciately septate, 14-18 µm in diameter, excluding spines which are up to 3 µm long (Type HdV-1018A). Smooth conidia also occur (Type HdV-1018B). The species is known to occur on a variety of tropical plant species (Ellis, 1971). Jarzen and Elsik (1986) described and illustrated Spegazzinia-like spores from river deposits in Zambia. Caretta et al. (1999) recorded S. tessarthra from Kenyan grassland vegetation. In the Challa record these conidia are rare in the Glacial and Late-Glacial sections, becoming more common during the Holocene. . 50 .
Type HdV-1020 (Plate II) . 51 . CHAPTER 1 Diversity and ecology of tropical African fungal spores Fungal spore ellipsoidal, 24-28 x 16-18 µm. Apices have thicker walls, darker than central part. Rare in the Challa record (9 specimens), and except for a single find dated to ca. AD 1900, occur only in Glacial and Late-Glacial sections before 13,800 cal. yr BP. Type HdV-1022: Clasterosporium sp. (Plate II) Conidia obclavate, transversally septate, ca. 53 x 12 µm. Dark cells showing striae. Identification is based on Ellis (1971). Rare in the Challa record (3 specimens). Type HdV-1023: Spegazzinia intermedia M.B. Ellis (Plate II) Conidia disc-shaped, flattened, dentate at the margin, cruciately septate, ca. 28 µm in diameter. This fungus has been isolated from soil and from Hibiscus in Tanzania and from tobacco in the USA (Ellis, 1976). Jarzen and Elsik (1986) described and illustrated Spegazzinia-like spores from river deposits in Zambia. These conidia are rare in the Challa record (9 specimens), being restricted to Holocene and Late-Glacial sediments younger than 14,700 cal. yr BP. Type HdV-1024: Brachysporium cf. pulchrum M.B. Ellis (Plate II) Conidia mostly 4-septate, 41-50 x 20-25 µm, central cell very large, dark brown, other cells pale and smaller. B. pulchrum has been found on Phylica (Rhamnaceae) on Tristan da Cunha (Ellis, 1971). This type should not be confused with Type UG-1099 (Gelorini et al., 2011), which as suggested by size differences includes several other Brachysporium species apart from B. pulchrum. Rare in the Challa record (11 specimens), mainly recovered from mid- and late Holocene sediments. Type HdV-1025: Diplocladiella cf. scalaroides G. Arnaud ex M.B. Ellis (Plate II) Conidia triangular, 2-horned, ca. 25 µm wide from horn tip to horn tip, horns 2-septate. The species was observed on dead wood in Europe (Ellis, 1976). Fossil spores were recorded by Barthelmes et al. (2006) in a Holocene deposit in Germany. Rare in the Challa record (8 specimens), with sporadic distribution. Type HdV-1026: Peziza/Scutellinia (Plate II; Fig. 1.2) Ascospores elliptical but slightly asymmetrical, ca. 23 x 9 µm, covered with fine warts. Spores of this type are common throughout the Challa record, and particularly abundant in the early Holocene section. Type HdV-1027: Munkovalsaria donacina (Niessl) Aptroot (Plate II; Fig. 1.2) Ascospores ca. 19 × 7 µm, elliptical, thick-walled, 1-septate near in the middle, constricted at septum, one cell wider and pointed, the other cell longer and rounded (Aptroot, 1995). This species has been found on a variety of plants. In the Challa record it is most common in the full Glacial period (20,500-18,500 cal. yr BP) and the mid-Holocene (7000-4000 cal. yr BP), but also recorded in other periods.
Page 3: 2011 Thesis submitted in partial fu
Page 7: Voorwoord . 7 . VOORWOORD Aarde, wa
Page 10: DANKWOORD / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS door K
Page 14 and 15: TABLE OF CONTENTS A.1. Septated spo
Page 17 and 18: Abstract . 17 . ABSTRACT In tropica
Page 19 and 20: Introduction . 19 . INTRODUCTION
Page 21 and 22: . 21 . INTRODUCTION Atlantic Ocean
Page 23 and 24: 1 Figure 2 Global Land-Cover 2000 m
Page 25 and 26: Fig. iv. Rainfall variation in east
Page 27 and 28: . 27 . INTRODUCTION metallurgy main
Page 29 and 30: . 29 . INTRODUCTION analysis of fos
Page 31 and 32: . 31 . INTRODUCTION (iv) illuminate
Page 33 and 34: . 33 . INTRODUCTION Coniochaeta spe
Page 35 and 36: . 35 . INTRODUCTION university pres
Page 37 and 38: . 37 . INTRODUCTION Mumbi, C.T., Ma
Page 39 and 40: . 39 . INTRODUCTION lipids in an eq
Page 41 and 42: . 41 . CHAPTER 1 Diversity and ecol
Page 43 and 44: Equator b 0° Altitude (m) a >3000
Page 47 and 48: 1.3.1. Descriptions and illustratio
Page 49: Type HdV-1005: Brachydesmiella sp.
Page 55 and 56: Type HdV-1051 (Plate III) . 55 . CH
Page 63 and 64: RefeRences . 63 . CHAPTER 1 Diversi
Page 69: . 69 . CHAPTER 1 Diversity and ecol
Page 72 and 73: CHAPTER 2 Modern non-pollen palynom
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CHAPTER 2 Modern non-pollen palynom
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CHAPTER 3 Effects of Land use on th
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CHAPTER 4 Validation of non-pollen
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General discussion and conclusion .
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. 189 . GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONC
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SAMENVATTING beperkingen (i.v.m. de
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APPENDICES Appendix I. Raw NPP data
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APPENDICES Mahuhura Kitere Katanda
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APPENDICES Appendix II. Raw NPP dat
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APPENDICES L. Chibwera Identificati
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APPENDICES L. Chibwera Identificati
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APPENDICES Appendix III. Raw NPP da
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APPENDICES L. Kanymukali Identifica
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APPENDICES L. Kanymukali Identifica
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Photograph by Bob Rumes Front cover
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