GeloriniPhD (PDF , 6973kb) - University of York

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TABLE OF CONTENTS A.1. Septated spores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 A.2. Non-septated - Amerosporae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 B. Fern and moss spores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 B.1. Monoletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 B.2. Triletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 C. Microscopic zoological remains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 D. Algal aplano-/zygospores, coenobia and colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 E. Microscopic aquatic plant remains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 F. Unknown microfossils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 2.4. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 CHAPTER 3: Effects of Land use on the fungal spore diversity of small crater-lake basins in western Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 3.2. Material and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 3.2.1. Study area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 3.2.2. Vegetation mapping and sampling of fungal spores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 3.2.3. Fungal spore analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 3.2.4. Observed and rarefacted fungal spore richness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 3.2.5. Evenness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 3.2.6. Environmental data processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 3.2.7. Model building and selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 3.3. Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 3.3.1. Fungal spore analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 3.3.2. Richness and evenness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 3.3.3. Relative effects of the environmental variables on richness and evenness . . . . . . . . . . 140 3.4. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 3.4.1. Fungal spore richness and evenness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 3.4.2. Land-use effects on the richness and evenness of fungal diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 CHAPTER 4: Validation of non-pollen palynomorphs as palaeoenvironmental indicators in tropical Africa: contrasting ~200-yr palaeolimnological records of climate change and human impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161 4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 4.2. The study lakes and their environmental setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 4.3. Materials and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 4.3.1. Sediment cores, lithostratigraphy and chronology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 4.3.2. Non-pollen palynomorph analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 4.4. Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 4.4.1. Lake Chibwera. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 4.4.2. Lake Kanyamukali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 . 14 .
. 15 . TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.5. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 4.5.1. Environmental similarities and differences between Lakes Chibwera and Kanyamukali . . . . . 176 4.5.2. The linkage with pastoralism: a critical evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 4.6. Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 General discussion and conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187 Non-pollen palynomorphs in East African lake sediments: a new palaeoecological microcosmos . . . . 187 Confronting present and past: a perfect match between modern and fossil diversity? . . . . . . . . 187 On the origin of non-pollen palynomorphs in lake sediments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Implications for climate and human-impact history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Integrating non-pollen palynomorph analysis in African palaeoecology: the missing link? . . . . . . 192 General conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Samenvatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197 Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
Page 3: 2011 Thesis submitted in partial fu
Page 7: Voorwoord . 7 . VOORWOORD Aarde, wa
Page 10: DANKWOORD / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS door K
Page 17 and 18: Abstract . 17 . ABSTRACT In tropica
Page 19 and 20: Introduction . 19 . INTRODUCTION
Page 21 and 22: . 21 . INTRODUCTION Atlantic Ocean
Page 23 and 24: 1 Figure 2 Global Land-Cover 2000 m
Page 25 and 26: Fig. iv. Rainfall variation in east
Page 27 and 28: . 27 . INTRODUCTION metallurgy main
Page 29 and 30: . 29 . INTRODUCTION analysis of fos
Page 31 and 32: . 31 . INTRODUCTION (iv) illuminate
Page 33 and 34: . 33 . INTRODUCTION Coniochaeta spe
Page 35 and 36: . 35 . INTRODUCTION university pres
Page 37 and 38: . 37 . INTRODUCTION Mumbi, C.T., Ma
Page 39 and 40: . 39 . INTRODUCTION lipids in an eq
Page 41 and 42: . 41 . CHAPTER 1 Diversity and ecol
Page 43 and 44: Equator b 0° Altitude (m) a >3000
Page 47 and 48: 1.3.1. Descriptions and illustratio
Page 49 and 50: Type HdV-1005: Brachydesmiella sp.
Page 51 and 52: Type HdV-1020 (Plate II) . 51 . CHA
Page 55 and 56: Type HdV-1051 (Plate III) . 55 . CH
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. 65 . CHAPTER 1 Diversity and ecol
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CHAPTER 2 Modern non-pollen palynom
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CHAPTER 3 Effects of Land use on th
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CHAPTER 4 Validation of non-pollen
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General discussion and conclusion .
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. 189 . GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONC
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SAMENVATTING beperkingen (i.v.m. de
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APPENDICES Appendix I. Raw NPP data
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APPENDICES Mahuhura Kitere Katanda
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APPENDICES Appendix II. Raw NPP dat
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APPENDICES L. Chibwera Identificati
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APPENDICES L. Chibwera Identificati
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APPENDICES Appendix III. Raw NPP da
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APPENDICES L. Kanymukali Identifica
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APPENDICES L. Kanymukali Identifica
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Photograph by Bob Rumes Front cover
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