the rollback of south africa's biological warfare program

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69 Interview with Gen. (ret.) Thirion, 13 June 2000. 70 Interview with Gen. (ret.) Sass, 12 June 2000. 71 Interview with Gen. (ret.) Geldenhuys, 13 June 2000. 72 Interview with Gen. (ret.) Meiring, 3 July 2000. 73 Interview with David Steward, June 26, 2000. 74 Gen. (ret.) Meiring, interviewed 3 July 2000. Meiring was not certain if the Cubans and the MPLA used CW at Cuito Cuanavale in 1987. 75 Soon after his investigation, reports emerged that Dr. Heyndrickx manufactured allegations that the Angolans were using CW and that he was on the payroll of the South African government or the CIA. In 1997, Weekly Mail and Guardian reported that Dr. Heyndrickx had been arrested for misusing funds at the University of Ghent and that the Belgian police are still looking for 12 British-made chemical agent monitors which Heyndrickx bought with university funds. He said he destroyed the machines because they were defective. 76 Gen. (ret.) Meiring, interviewed 3 July 2000. 77 Testimony by Dr. Mike Odendaal in the Basson Trial, 24 May 2000. See “HIV Blood Sample Frozen for Chemical Warfare, Basson Trial Hears,” South African Press Association (SAPA), 24 May 2000. 78 Mangold, Plague Wars, 243. 79 Mangold, Plague Wars, 242. 80 Dr. Basson told Mangold (Plague Wars, 442, note 443) in 1998 that the reason why a detailed investigation by Britain's MI-6 , the Security Service, failed to substantiate the allegations that he visited Porton Downs is because he used false names and passports for his frequent visits. Another possibility is that Basson met with former Porton Downs employees. Several former employees of Porton Downs report that they were asked to pose as employees after reporting contacts with Wouter Basson to British authorities. See Michael Evans, “South Africa may have ordered British deaths,” The Times (London), (14 July 1998), 7 for further details. 81 Testimony by Dr. Odendaal, 24 May 2000. See “HIV,” SAPA, 24 May 2000. 82 Interview with former South African military officer, July 2000. 83 Ambassador Princeton Lyman, e-mail to Stephen Burgess, 18 September 2000. Ambassador Princeton Lyman backtracked somewhat from earlier statements made in a 31 August 2000 interview about claims that 100
weaponization took place. Donald Mahley of the U.S. State Department, who was part of the delegation to South Africa after the demarche of 11 April 1994, also downplayed evidence of weaponization in a 30 August 2000 interview. 84 Professor Andre Buys, Director of Institute for Technical Innovation, University of Pretoria, in a 14 June 2000 interview. 85 Professor Buys, in a 14 June 2000 interview. While the project manager for the nuclear bomb project was aware of ongoing research into chemical weapons (in an interview with Helen Purkitt, July 1994), even he did not have full access to the details of specific CBW projects. 86 H.E. Purkitt, “The politics of denuclearization: The case of South Africa". Presentation at the Defense Nuclear Agency's Fourth Annual International Conference on Controlling Arms, Philadelphia, Penn., 21 June 1995. Earlier draft presented at Institute for National Studies (INSS), U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado, 9 November 1994. 87 Interview with Brig. Gen. (ret.) Bill Sass, 3 July 2000. 88 Interview with Gen. (ret.) Thirion, 13 June 2000. Thirion claimed that he had proposed a gendarmerie or carabinieri to serve as the “third force.” Instead, P.W. Botha, Magnus Malan, and Adriaan Vlok devised the Civil Cooperation Bureau (CCB) and other agencies that were more covert and far more lethal. 89 Interviews with Generals Thirion and Geldenhuys, 13 June 2000. 90 Interview with David Steward, Executive Director, De Klerk Foundation and President de Klerk’s chief of staff (1989-94), Cape Town, 26 June 2000. 91 Mangold, Plague Wars, 242. Skepticism still surrounds Basson and Knobel’s claims about Basson’s international activities. According to several interviewees, it is doubtful if Basson ever penetrated Porton Down or U.S. and Soviet facilities. 92 According to Gen. (ret.) Sass, interviewed 12 June 2000 in Pretoria. 93 According to Gen. (ret.) Sass, interviewed 12 June 2000 in Pretoria. 94 Arthur Allen, “Mad Scientist,” Salon.com (http://salonmag.com/health/ feature/2000/06/26/biofem), 26 June 2000 (accessed 9 August 2000). It has only been in the last few years that researchers have renewed their focus on finding an effective microbicide (a chemical that can kill off the virus). Three dozen microbicides are now in the pre-clinical testing stage, and 20 others are ready for safety trails in humans. Researchers were hoping that nonoxynol-9 was the answer. However, in July of 2000, microbicide researchers from 101
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THE ROLLBACK OF SOUTH AFRICA’S BI
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword vii Exec
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FOREWORD We are pleased to publish
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The profile of So
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The Rollback of the South African B
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During WWII, South African Prime Mi
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dollars) estimate to build a CBW pr
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learn first-hand how the Portuguese
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use of chemical and biological agen
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incidents underscored the variable
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Convention (BWC). According to form
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Project Coast, which would countera
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internal suppression of political d
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Malan, and the Minister of Finance,
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The chain of command demonstrates t
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omb could be used to wipe out or in
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tear gas and to incapacitate withou
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In the aftermath of Cuito Cuanavale
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confirmed, there is evidence that s
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the SSC. At this time, the security
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Given the breadth and depth of coop
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instruct scientists working with a
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the South African President’s off
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Mandrax and Ecstasy that were produ
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overseas business deals. 114 In Aug
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South Africa negotiated the withdra
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political party or organization. Pr
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nuclear weapons program and Project
Page 59 and 60: TRC, the men who tried to kill Chik
Page 61 and 62: In 1991, Basson began to build Mert
Page 63 and 64: Military personnel from several cou
Page 65 and 66: Meyer, the Acting Defense Secretary
Page 67 and 68: leave the SADF at the end of March
Page 69 and 70: Knobel’s testimony to the TRC, SA
Page 71 and 72: objected to the South African CBM a
Page 73 and 74: Basson and his trips to Libya were
Page 75 and 76: experiences for the military leader
Page 77 and 78: was submitted in 1994). This time U
Page 79 and 80: as the U.S., Great Britain, and oth
Page 81 and 82: investigation phase ended. Initiall
Page 83 and 84: June 1998. However, several weeks b
Page 85 and 86: penalties did finally force him to
Page 87 and 88: public. The State was operating on
Page 89 and 90: The limited news coverage of the Ba
Page 91 and 92: South African court for crimes comm
Page 93 and 94: ulings excluding evidence, his timi
Page 95 and 96: had asked him to set up a facility
Page 97 and 98: cover illegal personal gains from t
Page 99 and 100: who had detailed knowledge of many
Page 101 and 102: 9. What specifically and when did t
Page 103 and 104: e delivered through food and water,
Page 105 and 106: Reconciliation Commission of South
Page 107 and 108: 41 Interview with Dr. G. Scharf, fo
Page 109: 56 Mangold, Plague Wars, 243. 57 In
Page 113 and 114: home of Jerry Nilsson, who was ques
Page 115 and 116: he still need to raise cash in Sout
Page 117 and 118: military bases and was familiar to
Page 119 and 120: 162 According to Dr. Ian Phillips,
Page 121 and 122: Basson’s arrest was the result of
Page 123 and 124: 200 By the seventh week of the tria
Page 125: 115
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