the rollback of south africa's biological warfare program

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questions about this program that merit study in future research in order to be in a better position to understand the evolution of CBW programs in South Africa and to be able to learn the right policy lessons from this case. These questions, with a few modifications, may also serve as a useful “checklist” of what needs to be answered in other cases where countries are known or suspected of pursuing covert CBW programs. We close with the most important questions remaining about the South African case and then with policy lessons for the future: 1. What highly sophisticated biological agents/pathogens (including new ones) and unique processes and procedures did the South Africans develop under the auspices of Project Coast? Which ones did they acquire from abroad? From where? 2. Which unique processes and procedures developed under the auspices of Project Coast were surprising to the American investigators (e.g., biological weapons; chemical weapons, drugs, germicides, and genetic engineering)? 3. How important were each of the following to Project Coast developments: open-source literature, scientific contacts, and Basson’s network of covert procurement agents? 4. Did the South Africans purchase poisons or chemicals abroad for use in their CBW program? Can a foreign government legally purchase similar chemicals and poisons today in the U.S., Canada, Europe, or elsewhere in the world? 5. What specific coordination/cooperation was there between the former SADF military CBW programs during the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s with foreign governments including U.S., UK, France, Germany, and Israel? 6. Where will the key scientists involved in Project Coast be in the future? 7. What type of delivery systems did South Africa develop to weaponize their CBW agents? How far did Project Coast go in developing aerosol means of delivering CBW? 8. Did the South African government field-test any biological agents or chemicals? If yes, which ones, where? When? Why? 90
9. What specifically and when did the U.S. and the UK learn about South Africa’s biological weapons program? How? 10. How important was U.S. pressure in South Africa’s decision to close down its bio-chem. capabilities? What type of pressure was most effective, i.e., bilateral or multilateral efforts? 11. Was Basson working with or without the knowledge of senior government officials when he visited Libya as a Transnet consultant? When he visited Iraq as a SADF colonel before 1990? To other countries? 12. Why was Basson arrested? 13. Why has the South African government not responded to the Basson prosecutor’s request to gain access to the CD-ROM information related to Project Coast? 14. Why was so much Ecstasy and Mandrax produced? What was the methaqualone produced for Project Coast used for? 15. What happened to the drugs? Where were they distributed? Who got the money from drug sales or distribution? 16. Is there any evidence that Wouter Basson worked with foreign (i.e., Russian) or domestic organized crime syndicates? 17. In its genetic engineering experiments, how close was South Africa to a “black bomb”? Are other countries developing similar biological weapons? 18. Is there any evidence that the former South African government supported research, testing, or distribution of germicides designed to increase users’ susceptibility to AIDS or other diseases? 19. Is there any truth to rumors that young, former Afrikaner right-wingers and former SADF and current SANDF personnel in South Africa are working with local syndicates and representatives of the Russian mafia to market drugs and arms or hardware capable of using CBW? 20. How great a concern is South African NBC proliferation today? What are the concerns? 21. What is the danger that secrets are likely to leak out of South African National Defense Force or be sold in the future? 91
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THE ROLLBACK OF SOUTH AFRICA’S BI
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword vii Exec
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FOREWORD We are pleased to publish
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The profile of So
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The Rollback of the South African B
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During WWII, South African Prime Mi
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dollars) estimate to build a CBW pr
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learn first-hand how the Portuguese
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use of chemical and biological agen
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incidents underscored the variable
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Convention (BWC). According to form
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Project Coast, which would countera
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internal suppression of political d
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Malan, and the Minister of Finance,
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The chain of command demonstrates t
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omb could be used to wipe out or in
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tear gas and to incapacitate withou
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In the aftermath of Cuito Cuanavale
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confirmed, there is evidence that s
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the SSC. At this time, the security
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Given the breadth and depth of coop
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instruct scientists working with a
Page 47 and 48:
the South African President’s off
Page 49 and 50: Mandrax and Ecstasy that were produ
Page 51 and 52: overseas business deals. 114 In Aug
Page 53 and 54: South Africa negotiated the withdra
Page 55 and 56: political party or organization. Pr
Page 57 and 58: nuclear weapons program and Project
Page 59 and 60: TRC, the men who tried to kill Chik
Page 61 and 62: In 1991, Basson began to build Mert
Page 63 and 64: Military personnel from several cou
Page 65 and 66: Meyer, the Acting Defense Secretary
Page 67 and 68: leave the SADF at the end of March
Page 69 and 70: Knobel’s testimony to the TRC, SA
Page 71 and 72: objected to the South African CBM a
Page 73 and 74: Basson and his trips to Libya were
Page 75 and 76: experiences for the military leader
Page 77 and 78: was submitted in 1994). This time U
Page 79 and 80: as the U.S., Great Britain, and oth
Page 81 and 82: investigation phase ended. Initiall
Page 83 and 84: June 1998. However, several weeks b
Page 85 and 86: penalties did finally force him to
Page 87 and 88: public. The State was operating on
Page 89 and 90: The limited news coverage of the Ba
Page 91 and 92: South African court for crimes comm
Page 93 and 94: ulings excluding evidence, his timi
Page 95 and 96: had asked him to set up a facility
Page 97 and 98: cover illegal personal gains from t
Page 99: who had detailed knowledge of many
Page 103 and 104: e delivered through food and water,
Page 105 and 106: Reconciliation Commission of South
Page 107 and 108: 41 Interview with Dr. G. Scharf, fo
Page 109 and 110: 56 Mangold, Plague Wars, 243. 57 In
Page 111 and 112: weaponization took place. Donald Ma
Page 113 and 114: home of Jerry Nilsson, who was ques
Page 115 and 116: he still need to raise cash in Sout
Page 117 and 118: military bases and was familiar to
Page 119 and 120: 162 According to Dr. Ian Phillips,
Page 121 and 122: Basson’s arrest was the result of
Page 123 and 124: 200 By the seventh week of the tria
Page 125: 115
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