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2.3. SAMPLE AND MEASUREMENT 25 2.2.5 Overview of the Model To summarize the theory section, I present the causal model. The model consists of the hypothesized relations, and control variables (concerning contractibility, emphasis on firmlevel measures, size and sector). The causal model is presented in figure 2.2. Common Uncertainty Information Asymmetry Control Variables - Contractibility - Emphasis on firm level measures - Size & Sector Figure 2.2: Causal Model Positive (H3) ? Positive (H2) Positive (H1) ✻ Comparability 2.3 Sample and Measurement 2.3.1 Sample ? ✻ RPE use This study uses primary data collected from 325 business units with an extensive survey instrument. The questionnaire was filled out by business unit managers contacted through students’ professional networks. This approach has several benefits. The first is respondent identification. The students were instructed to identify managers who are responsible ✻ ❄ ✻
26 CHAPTER 2. RPE AT THE BUSINESS UNIT MANAGER LEVEL for an autonomous organizational body engaged in multiple activities (e.g., purchasing, production, and sales). Furthermore, the respondent should have a superior within the organization (in other words, the respondent should not be the CEO). The second benefit is the possibility to conduct face-to-face interviews, which improves the respondent’s valid interpretation of and careful responding to the questions. During these interviews, the student can explain the survey questions (using a strict protocol provided by the researcher) to the business unit manager who answers the questions in the survey and fills out the questionnaire. The observations include data from production business units (17%), service BUs (56%), financial services (16%), and BUs operating in the not-for-profit sector (18%) 10 . Similarly diverse responses to the variance of sectors at the BU level were provided on the question about the respondents firm’s sector. Table 2.1 summarizes the background information on the respondents’ business units and the firm to which each business unit belongs. BU size Firm size Table 2.1: Summary Statistics on Sample Panel A - size N Mean Std. dev. of mean Min. Max. FTE 325 220 439 10 5.000 Revenue (mio EURO) 292 196 840 1 1.000 FTE 321 14.730 41.771 31 470.123 Revenue (mio EURO) 301 7.775 43.240 4 600.000 Panel B - sector BU sector Production 54 Firm sector Production 71 Services 181 Services 170 Financial 52 Financial 62 Not-for-profit 57 Not-for-profit 64 10 These percentages sum to 107% because some business units operate in more than one sector. Multiple answers to the related question are considered valid.
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Page 6 and 7: Table of Contents Preface 1 General
Page 8: Preface Why do people make things h
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Page 24 and 25: 2.1. INTRODUCTION 15 is not a promi
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Page 44 and 45: 2.3. SAMPLE AND MEASUREMENT 35 Emph
Page 46 and 47: 2.4. ANALYSES 37 2.4 Analyses This
Page 48 and 49: 2.4. ANALYSES 39 Table 2.8: RPE use
Page 50 and 51: 2.4. ANALYSES 41 2.4.2 Correlations
Page 52 and 53: 2.4. ANALYSES 43 Concerning the con
Page 54 and 55: 2.4. ANALYSES 45 Table 2.13: Result
Page 56 and 57: 2.4. ANALYSES 47 Table 2.15: Summar
Page 58 and 59: 2.5. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION 49
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Page 68 and 69: Chapter 3 Does Relative Performance
Page 70 and 71: 3.1. INTRODUCTION 61 Holmstrom’s
Page 72 and 73: 3.2. DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODEL 63 3.
Page 74 and 75: 3.2. DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODEL 65 RP
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3.4. ANALYSES 75 3.4 Analyses This
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3.4. ANALYSES 77 Table 3.9: Pearson
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3.4. ANALYSES 79 Table 3.10: Result
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3.4. ANALYSES 81 Table 3.11: Result
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3.4. ANALYSES 83 Larcker & Rusticus
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3.5. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION 85
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Chapter 4 Does Relative Performance
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4.1. INTRODUCTION 89 Moreover, chap
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4.2. DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODEL 91 is
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4.2. DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODEL 93 Sp
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4.3. SAMPLE AND MEASUREMENT 95 4.3
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4.3. SAMPLE AND MEASUREMENT 97 To i
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4.3. SAMPLE AND MEASUREMENT 99 of R
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4.3. SAMPLE AND MEASUREMENT 101 Tab
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4.4. ANALYSES 103 Table 4.8: Items
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4.4. ANALYSES 105 RPE use ✻ Posit
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4.4. ANALYSES 107 The model does sh
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4.4. ANALYSES 109 RPE and RFMO. Mor
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4.4. ANALYSES 111 room for manageri
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Chapter 5 Conclusion 5.1 Summary, C
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5.1. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND DISCU
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5.2. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE 125
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5.3. LIMITATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FO
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Appendix Overview of Questionnaire
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Q5 How often do the following thing
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Q14 When serving your clients, how
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Q23 Please indicate whether you agr
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Noise Q34 NOISE (primary measure) P
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References 1. Abernethy, M.A., Bouw
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26. Diamantopoulos, A. & Siguaw, J.
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52. Himmelberg, C.P. & Hubbard R.G.
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83. Towry, K. 2003. ‘Control in a
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148 beïnvloeden, veroorzaken ruis
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Biography Hilco van Elten (1979) ho
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