Climate Change and Dryland Agricultural Ecosystem Management
Climate Change and Dryland Agricultural Ecosystem Management
Climate Change and Dryland Agricultural Ecosystem Management
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The 2 nd International Workshop on <strong>Ecosystem</strong> Assessment <strong>and</strong> <strong>Management</strong> (EAM)<br />
Lanzhou University The University of Western Australia<br />
Schedule <strong>and</strong> Extended Abstracts from the EAM Workshop on<br />
<strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>and</strong> Dryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>Agricultural</strong><br />
<strong>Ecosystem</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
20 - 25 July, 2010<br />
Lanzhou, China
Table of Contents<br />
Welcome Address 2<br />
Committee Members 3<br />
Acknowledgements 4<br />
Introduction to the “111” Project 5<br />
Theme, Key Speakers <strong>and</strong> Activities 6<br />
General Information 7<br />
Map of venues<br />
Poster <strong>and</strong> exhibit hours<br />
General <strong>and</strong> executive meetings<br />
Scientific tours<br />
Meals<br />
Extended Abstracts 18<br />
Introduction to Lanzhou Unversity 63<br />
Introduction to the Institute of Arid Agroecology 64<br />
The University of Western Australia 65<br />
The UWA Institute of Agriculture 66<br />
Notes 67<br />
1
Welcome Address<br />
Welcome to 2 nd International Workshop on EAM 2010!<br />
This year, 2010, marks the four-year history of the program of <strong>Ecosystem</strong> Assessment <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>Management</strong> program under the funding support of “111” Project. Our theme is to overview the<br />
achievement in the past four years <strong>and</strong> to see how dryl<strong>and</strong> agronomy will address the problems of<br />
agricultural <strong>and</strong> environmental sustainable development in arid <strong>and</strong> semiarid areas. In December 2006,<br />
under the sponsorship of “111” Program, funded by the State Administration of Foreign Experts<br />
Affairs <strong>and</strong> the Ministry of Education of China, MOE Key Laboratory of Arid <strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> Ecology<br />
of Lanzhou University, with overseas universities <strong>and</strong> research institutions including the University of<br />
Ottawa, McGill University, Eastern Cereal <strong>and</strong> Oilseed Research Center of Canada’s Ministry of<br />
Agriculture, Department of Environmental Protection <strong>and</strong> some domestic universities, Lanzhou<br />
University hosted the 1st International Workshop on <strong>Ecosystem</strong> Assessment <strong>and</strong> <strong>Management</strong>.<br />
After discussion <strong>and</strong> consultation, Lanzhou University, <strong>and</strong> the University of Western Australia<br />
have decided to hold the 2 nd International Workshop on EAM from 20 to 24 July 2010. The workshop<br />
will focus on agricultural development in arid <strong>and</strong> semi-arid areas <strong>and</strong> the status quo of the ecological<br />
environment <strong>and</strong> social development of the region.<br />
Twenty-five key speakers will present the science of plant-soil interaction in dryl<strong>and</strong> environments<br />
<strong>and</strong> its future. In addition, 18 young scientists will report their progresses in climate change <strong>and</strong><br />
dryl<strong>and</strong> agriculture ecosystem management. There will be three special issues including Plant <strong>and</strong><br />
Soil, Crop & Pasture Science <strong>and</strong> Acta Ecologia Sinica to publish the selected papers from the<br />
Workshop. There will be two scientific tours on July 23. It is our wish that this workshop will be<br />
enjoyable <strong>and</strong> a scientific milestone for those in the field.<br />
Co-chair of Workshop<br />
Yangtze Professor Feng-Min Li<br />
Key Laboratory of Arid <strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> Ecology<br />
Affiliated to Ministry of Education (MOE),<br />
Lanzhou University, China<br />
Tel/Fax: 86-931-8912848<br />
Email: fmli@lzu.edu.cn<br />
Co-chair of Workshop<br />
Winthrop Professor Kadambot Siddique, FTSE<br />
Chair in Agriculture <strong>and</strong> Director<br />
Institute of Agriculture,<br />
The University of Western Australia<br />
Tel: 61-8-64887012, Fax: 61-8-6488 7354<br />
Email: ksiddique@fnas.uwa.edu.au<br />
2
Organising Committee<br />
Co-chairs<br />
Members<br />
Scientific Committee<br />
Co-chairs<br />
Members<br />
Secretariat<br />
Workshop Manager<br />
Secretary General<br />
Members<br />
Committee Members<br />
Prof. Feng-Min Li, Lanzhou University, China<br />
Prof. Kadambot Siddique, The University of Western Australia<br />
Neil Turner, Australia Hongmei Kong, China<br />
Guijun Yan, Australia Tianxing Liu, China<br />
Ruijun Long, China Jing Duan, China<br />
Xiaogang Li, China Youcai Xiong, China<br />
Jiangtao Liu, China Min Wei, China<br />
Xuzhe Zhao, China Shiyong Li, China<br />
Jairo A Palta, Australia Jiansheng Ye, China<br />
Feng Zhang, China Changan Liu, China<br />
Prof. Feng-Min Li, Lanzhou University, China<br />
Prof. Kadambot Siddique, The University of Western Australia<br />
Prof. Zhiyun Ouyang, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, CAS<br />
Neil Turner, Australia Jairo A Palta, Australia<br />
Don Bullock, USA Yajie Song, USA<br />
Baoluo Ma, Canada Jiaguo Qi, USA<br />
Shaoming Wang, China Changsheng Li, USA<br />
Wenxiong Lin, China Yantai Gan, Canada<br />
Huilian Xu, Japan Xiaogang Li, China<br />
Richard Hobbs, Australia Zed Rengel, Australia<br />
Gavan McGrath, Australia Sasha Jenkins, UK<br />
Guijun Yan, Australia Youcai Xiong, China<br />
Qifu Ma, Australia<br />
Prof. Youcai Xiong, Lanzhou University, China<br />
Xuzhe Zhao, Jiansheng Ye, Feng Zhang, Xiaojun Hu, Xiaofeng Zhang,<br />
Xiaoyan Shi, Changan Liu, Sen Yang, Rui Guo, Jinan Li, Baocheng Jin,<br />
Xiaokang Guan, Pufang Li, Jianyong Wang, Ronghe Zhang, Bin Hu, Chaojie<br />
Jia, Wenying He, Shasha Xu, Shiling Lin, Yu Guan, Chao Song, Mei Zou,<br />
Xueping Gong, Ying Zhang, Wanfang Xiong, Junlan Xiong, Fei Mo, Xiaoyan<br />
Shi<br />
3
Acknowledgements <strong>and</strong> Publications<br />
Kadambot Siddique, Neil Turner, Feng-Min Li, You-Cai Xiong,<br />
Steering Committee<br />
Hongmei Kong <strong>and</strong> Xuzhe Zhao<br />
State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs, China<br />
Ministry of Education, China<br />
Acta Ecologia Sinica, China<br />
Gansu Provincial Bureau of Foreign Experts Affairs, China<br />
Supporters<br />
Agroecological Disciplinal Committee of Ecological Society of China<br />
University Of Ottawa<br />
University of Illinois<br />
Yale University<br />
Plant <strong>and</strong> Soil<br />
Publications Crop & Pasture Science<br />
Acta Ecologia Sinica<br />
Logo design &<br />
You-Cai Xiong <strong>and</strong> Xuzhe Zhao<br />
Conference book<br />
Abstract compilation Min Wei, Feng Zhang <strong>and</strong> Xuzhe Zhao<br />
MOE Key Laboratory of Arid <strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> Ecology, Lanzhou<br />
Volunteer students hosts<br />
University<br />
Video recording Sen Yang <strong>and</strong> Sciencemeeting online<br />
<strong>Management</strong> of<br />
Xuzhe Zhao, Feng Zhang <strong>and</strong> Jiansheng Ye<br />
registration & databases<br />
Field excursions Xuzhe Zhao, Xiaojun Hu, Jiansheng Ye, Changan Liu <strong>and</strong> Feng Zhang<br />
Registration packages Gene Company Limited<br />
Selected papers will be subjected to peer-review <strong>and</strong> published in three special issues of Plant<br />
<strong>and</strong> Soil (IF2009=2.517), Crop & Pasture Science (IF2009=1.304) <strong>and</strong> Acta Ecologia Sinica in 2010<br />
(in Chinese version) after the workshop.<br />
Plant <strong>and</strong> Soil publishes original papers <strong>and</strong> review articles exploring the interface of<br />
plant biology <strong>and</strong> soil sciences, <strong>and</strong> offering a clear mechanistic component. This<br />
includes both fundamental <strong>and</strong> applied aspects of mineral nutrition, plant-water relations,<br />
symbiotic <strong>and</strong> pathogenic plant-microbe interactions, root anatomy <strong>and</strong> morphology,<br />
soil biology, ecology, agrochemistry <strong>and</strong> agrophysics.<br />
Crop & Pasture Science (continuing Australian Journal of <strong>Agricultural</strong> Research) is a<br />
highly cited <strong>and</strong> prestigious journal with a focus on innovative <strong>and</strong> rigorous research.<br />
The Journal reports research on advances in plant sciences, sustainable farming systems,<br />
<strong>and</strong> food quality. It is essential reading for anyone needing to keep abreast of current<br />
findings in agriculture.<br />
Acta Ecologia Sinica publishes recent theories <strong>and</strong> novel experimental results in<br />
ecology, <strong>and</strong> facilitates academic exchange <strong>and</strong> discussions both domestically <strong>and</strong><br />
abroad. The journal will promote the development of <strong>and</strong> foster research talents for<br />
ecological studies in China, to contribute to the knowledge innovation, sustainable<br />
development <strong>and</strong> the revitalization of the nation through science <strong>and</strong> education.<br />
4
Introduction to “The Base Construction Programme of<br />
Introducing Foreign Talents of Discipline to China<br />
Universities” (“111”) Project<br />
The Required Qualifications of Personnel in Personnel in Introducing Talent to the Base (ITB)<br />
Abroad talents work in the top 100 Universities in the world or in research institutions, <strong>and</strong> have<br />
good cooperation foundation with the University; Abroad talent’s subjects should be basic science,<br />
technology <strong>and</strong> engineer, management, et al. Abroad talents have the foreign nationality or permanent<br />
resident right in the foreign country, <strong>and</strong> have deep feeling to China, noble virtue, a strict-<strong>and</strong>–careful<br />
attitude <strong>and</strong> good cooperation spirit.<br />
Academic maters <strong>and</strong> academic backbones should be generally less than 70 years old <strong>and</strong> 50<br />
years old, respectively. Academic masters are international famous professors or well recognized<br />
academicians in their fields, have good scientific research views, one-up academic level <strong>and</strong><br />
foreseeable <strong>and</strong> strategic foresight, have obtained recognized achievements, <strong>and</strong> have ability to grasp<br />
scientific trends <strong>and</strong> to prompt the subject to catch up with or surpass international level. They also<br />
can summon international academic backbones to put forward research objects which have important<br />
effects on the subject development or civil economic development.<br />
Academic backbones must be associate professor or have coequal positions. They have creative<br />
thought, obtained recognized achievements in their fields, <strong>and</strong> have foundation to cooperate with<br />
academic master; Work time in China. Each academic master should work at least one mouth per year<br />
<strong>and</strong> each academic backbone should work at least three mouths per year. Generally speaking, one<br />
academic backbone should stay to work in ITB, <strong>and</strong> at least 6 academic backbones come to China for<br />
academic exchanges per year without time limitation. Domestic research backbones have Ph.D. with<br />
more than five-year research experience.<br />
They also should be less than 50 years old. During the cooperation period, published papers,<br />
monographs, research reports, data, identified certifications <strong>and</strong> achievement reports must be labeled<br />
by Chinese or English statement, i.e. “Supported by the Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline<br />
to China Universities” or “高等学校学科创新引智计划资助” <strong>and</strong> the assigned project number.<br />
Specialized fund of “111 plan” should be invested by State Administration of Foreign experts<br />
Affairs, Ministry of Eduction <strong>and</strong> the department taking charge of the university together, item fund of<br />
the University listed in “985 Project” should be invested by State Administration of Foreign Experts<br />
Affairs <strong>and</strong> Ministry of Education, <strong>and</strong> item fund of University not listed in “985 Project” should be<br />
invested by State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs <strong>and</strong> the department taking charge of the<br />
University. During the “eleventh five-year-plan” period, at least 30 million RMB should be invested<br />
by State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs <strong>and</strong> at least 30 million RMB should be invested by<br />
Ministry of Eduction <strong>and</strong> other Departments taking charge of Universities. According to the dem<strong>and</strong><br />
of talents <strong>and</strong> obtained achievements, the fund of ITB will be given annually after auditing.<br />
In order to assess the progress achieved in ecosystem assessment <strong>and</strong> management (EAM) <strong>and</strong> to<br />
foster future collaboration, the 2nd International EAM Workshop will be held at Lanzhou University<br />
from July 20-24, 2010. This workshop will be sponsored jointly by the “111” Program, Lanzhou<br />
University, <strong>and</strong> the University of Western Australia.<br />
5
1. Theme <strong>and</strong> Objectives<br />
Theme, Key Speakers <strong>and</strong> Activities<br />
The theme of workshop is “climate change <strong>and</strong> dryl<strong>and</strong> agricultural ecosystem management”.<br />
Renowned experts from abroad <strong>and</strong> China will be invited to the workshop to present current<br />
developments on global climate change <strong>and</strong> ecosystem management, addressing the topic how to<br />
improve the productivity <strong>and</strong> sustainable development of fragile arid <strong>and</strong> semi-arid agro-ecosystems<br />
under the conditions of global climate change. The objectives of workshop include as follows:<br />
1). Assessment of important progress in international EAM cooperative projects<br />
2). Assessment <strong>and</strong> management of semi-arid rainfed agro-ecosystems<br />
a) The key issues of agro-ecosystems in arid <strong>and</strong> semi-arid areas of Northwest China;<br />
b) Development <strong>and</strong> adaptation of rainfed agricultural systems in semi-arid areas;<br />
c) Temporal <strong>and</strong> spatial vulnerability of agricultural ecosystems: Environmental<br />
conservation <strong>and</strong> sustainability.<br />
3). Assessment <strong>and</strong> management of oasis agro-ecological systems in arid areas<br />
d) Restoration measures of ecosystem function in degraded l<strong>and</strong>s;<br />
e) Livestock management in degraded ecosystems;<br />
f) Human impacts on the restoration of degraded ecosystems;<br />
g) <strong>Management</strong> of water resources <strong>and</strong> sustainable development of oases in arid areas<br />
2. Key Speakers<br />
1. The University of Western Australia: Kadambot Siddique, Neil Turner, Richard Hobbs, Zed<br />
Rengel, Sasha Jenkins, Guijun Yan, Gavan McGrath <strong>and</strong> Qifu Ma<br />
2. CSIRO Plant Industry, Australia: Jairo A Palta<br />
3. The University of Illinois: Don Bullock<br />
4. Yale University: Yajie Song<br />
5. Michigan State University: Jiaguo Qi<br />
6. Agriculture & Agri-Food, Canada: Baoluo Ma <strong>and</strong> Yantai Gan<br />
7. International Nature Farming Research Center in Janpan: Hui-lian Xu<br />
8. University of New Hampshire: Changsheng Li<br />
9. Fujian Agricuture <strong>and</strong> Forestry University, China: Wenxiong Lin<br />
10. Shihezi University, China: Shaoming Wang<br />
11. Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, CAS: Zhiyun Ouyang<br />
12. Lanzhou University, China: Fengmin Li, Xiaogang Li, Youcai Xiong, Chuanyan Zhao,<br />
Ruijun Long, Guojun Sun<br />
3.Activities (panel meeting of July 25 is not included here)<br />
July 19, 2010: Registration at Oriental Hotel <strong>and</strong> Tsuiying Hoetl<br />
July 20-22, 2010: Academic presentations (26 key speakers’ presentations)<br />
July 22-23, 2010: Field excursion (Minqin, Wuwei or Beishan, Yuzhong)<br />
July 24, 2010: Forum on Arid Agroecology for Young Scientists (20 speakers’ presentations)<br />
6
★<br />
Lanzhou<br />
General Information<br />
Lanzhou is the geographic center of China. Lanzhou University is situated at downtown of<br />
Lanzhou City, with 70km from Zhongchuan Airport. These three hotels are close to Lanzhou<br />
University, only 3 minutes by walk to workshop venue – the Library of Lanzhou University. A taxi<br />
from the airport to Lanzhou University will be approximately 150 RMB, including airport <strong>and</strong> toll<br />
charges. The airport shuttle price is 30 RMB. The transport from the airport to downtown is paid by<br />
the delegates (30 RMB by shuttle bus <strong>and</strong> around 150-200 RMB by taxi.<br />
Location of Lanzhou in China Google map of the layout of Lanzhou University<br />
① Legend Hotel, ② Oriental Hotel, ③ Tsuying Hotel, ④ Main Gate of LZU, ⑤ Library of LZU<br />
(workshop venue), ⑥ Populus Building, ⑦ Rain-matching Building<br />
7<br />
①<br />
② ③<br />
④<br />
Sketch map of workshop venue (★), the library of Lanzhou University<br />
⑤<br />
⑥<br />
⑦<br />
N
Program of EAM Workshop for Key Speakers<br />
19-July-2010 10:00-24:00 Registration<br />
20-July-2010<br />
8:30-9:30<br />
9:30-10:00 Group photo<br />
Opening Ceremony<br />
President of LZU<br />
Chair person: Prof. Feng-Min Li<br />
Welcome remarks on behalf of the University China<br />
Director of BFEA Welcome remarks on behalf of Provincial Bureau of Foreign Experts Affairs China<br />
Kadambot Siddique Progress of UWA-LZU collaboration Australia<br />
Feng-Min Li Introduction to the progress of “111” Project China<br />
Session 1 Chair: Prof. Richard Hobbs<br />
10:00-10:30 Feng-Min Li Agro-ecosystem issues on the arid <strong>and</strong> semiarid areas of north-west China China<br />
11:00-11:30 Kadambot Siddique Approaches to improve the adaptation of crops in dryl<strong>and</strong> environments Australia<br />
11:30-12:00 Neil Turner <strong>Climate</strong> change in southwest Australia <strong>and</strong> Northwest China: Challenges <strong>and</strong> Opportunities Australia<br />
12:00-13:30 Lunch at Tsuiying Hotel (for key speakers) <strong>and</strong> Oriental Hotel (for the delegates)<br />
Session 2 Chair: Prof. Kadambot Siddique<br />
14:00-14:30 Don Bullock The value of information in ecosystem assessment <strong>and</strong> management USA<br />
14:30-15:00 Guijun Yan Biodiversity, conservation <strong>and</strong> utilisation of Australian plants Australia
20-July-2010<br />
15:00-15:30 Baoluo Ma Coping with abiotic stresses in crop production Canada<br />
15:30-16:00 Coffee break<br />
16:00-16:30 Changsheng Li<br />
16:30-17:00 Chuanyan Zhao<br />
Session 3 Chair: Prof. Baoluo Ma<br />
Quantifying carbon sequestration <strong>and</strong> greenhouse gas emissions from terrestrial ecosystems<br />
with modeling approach<br />
Eco-hydrological processes of Qinghai spruce forest in Qilan Mountains, northwestern<br />
China<br />
17:30-18:00 Zed Rengel Mineral nutrition of drought-stressed plants Australia<br />
18:30-20:00 Welcome reception at Tsuiying Hotel<br />
9<br />
USA<br />
China
21-July-2010<br />
Session 4 Chair: Dr. Jairo Palta<br />
8:30-9:00 Jiaguo Qi Dryl<strong>and</strong> Research Priorities - <strong>Climate</strong> Dimensions of Human <strong>Change</strong>s USA<br />
9:00-9:30 Richard Hobbs Restoration ecology - issues <strong>and</strong> solutions in semiarid regions Australia<br />
9:30-10:00 Qifu Ma Ecophysiology of stem succulent halophytes in dry <strong>and</strong> saline environments in north-west Australia Australia<br />
10:00-10:30 Coffee break<br />
Session 5 Chair: Prof. Changsheng Li<br />
10:30-11:00 Yuncheng Liao Regional diversity <strong>and</strong> contribution of dryl<strong>and</strong> agriculture in China China<br />
11:00-11:30 Yajie Song<br />
Advancing urban <strong>and</strong> human ecosystems in China Yale's UECM Research in Shenzhen Dapeng<br />
Peniusula <strong>and</strong> Liaoning Coastline<br />
11:30-12:00 Ruijun Long Recent findings on adaptation of yak to harsh forage environment in the Tibetan Plateau China<br />
12:00-13:30 Lunch at Tsuiying Hotel (for key speakers) <strong>and</strong> Oriental Hotel (for the delegates)<br />
Session 6 Chair: Prof. Neil Turner<br />
14:00-14:30 Yantai Gan Developing low-carbon-footprint cropping systems for semiarid areas: Issues <strong>and</strong> Opportunities Canada<br />
14:30-15:00 Hui-lian Xu Xerophytophysiology <strong>and</strong> signal transduction - the implications <strong>and</strong> applications in plant production Japan<br />
15:00-15:30 You-Cai Xiong Non-hydraulic root signal <strong>and</strong> its physiological significance in wheat crops China<br />
15:30-16:00 Coffee break<br />
Session 7 Chair: Prof. Zed Rengel<br />
16:00-16:30 Jairo A Palta Root system physiology" <strong>and</strong>/or "methodology for root system research Australia<br />
16:30-17:00 Xiaogang Li Effect of film mulch cover on resource use <strong>and</strong> soil organic C balance in corn field China<br />
17:30-18:00 Wenxiong Lin Response of crop plants to UV-B radiation enhancement <strong>and</strong> its resistant operation China<br />
18:00-21:00<br />
Enjoy the local flavor of food, Lanzhou beef noodles at Quanxun Restaurant;<br />
Sightseeing along with the scenery of Yellow River (guiders: Xuzhe Zhao, Feng Zhang, Jiansheng Ye <strong>and</strong> Changan Liu)<br />
10<br />
USA
22-July-2010<br />
Session 8 Chair: Prof. Jiaguo Qi<br />
8:30-9:00 Gavan McGrath Spatial soil-vegetation model as part of l<strong>and</strong>scape-vegetation co-evolution Australia<br />
9:00-9:30 Guojun Sun Crop mapping in China China<br />
9:30-10:00 Zhiyun Ouyang Impact of l<strong>and</strong> management on ecosystem services China<br />
10:00-10:30 Coffee break<br />
Session 9 Chair: Prof. Don Bullock<br />
10:30-11:00 Sasha Jenkins Do organic fertilizers improve soil quality? Australia<br />
11:00-11:30 Shaoming Wang<br />
Ecological security pattern <strong>and</strong> agricultural productivity evolution in Manas River<br />
basin of Xinjiang over last 30 years<br />
11:30-12:00 Short introduction to field excursion: Wuwei <strong>and</strong> Beishan by You-Cai Xiong<br />
12:00-13:00 Lunch at Tsuiying Hotel (for key speakers) <strong>and</strong> Oriental Hotel (for the delegates)<br />
13:00-17:00 Leave Lanzhou for Wuwei<br />
Field Excursion (the participants are divided into two groups )<br />
17:00-18:00 Group 1 (to Degraded Supper at Wuwei<br />
18:00-19:30 Minqin Oasis) Leave Wuwei for Minqin <strong>and</strong> get accommodation at Minqin Hotel (will travel to<br />
severely degraded oasis l<strong>and</strong>scape in next day)<br />
14:00-15:30<br />
15:30-17:30<br />
17:30-19:00<br />
Group 2 (to Beishan<br />
Experimental Station of<br />
Dryl<strong>and</strong> <strong>Agricultural</strong> at<br />
next day)<br />
This is half day following two <strong>and</strong> half days of speech discussions. It may be<br />
necessary for the some key speakers to relax. Preliminarily, we consider arranging<br />
a park tour in the city of Lanzhou, <strong>and</strong> other activities as key speakers prefer to.<br />
11<br />
China<br />
You-Cai Xiong<br />
Xuzhe Zhao<br />
Xiaojun Hu<br />
Feng Zhang<br />
Feng-Min Li<br />
Jiansheng Ye<br />
Changan Liu<br />
Xiaofeng Zhang
23-July-2010<br />
Field Excursion (continued with the activity of July 22)<br />
7:30-9:30 Visiting Qingtu Lake, a severely degraded oasis l<strong>and</strong>scape<br />
9:30-12:30 Leave Qingtu Lake for Wuwei, <strong>and</strong> visiting Hongyashan Desert Reservoir on the way<br />
12:30-13:30<br />
13:30-14:30<br />
14:30-15:30<br />
Group 1 (to<br />
Degraded Minqin<br />
Oasis)<br />
Lunch at Wuwei<br />
Visiting Leitai Han Dynasty Tumulus at Wuwei<br />
Visiting White-tower Temple (the place where the official agreement was signed that<br />
Tibetan was unified into China more than 700 years ago)<br />
15:30-16:30 Visiting Wenmiao Temple (fast food will be supplied with the travel)<br />
16:30-20:00<br />
Return from Wuwei to Lanzhou<br />
8:00-10:30 From Lanzhou to Beishan Experimental Station of Rain-harvesting Agriculture at the<br />
Loess Plateau<br />
10:30-12:00 Group 2 (to Beishan Visiting the Station<br />
12:00-13:30 Experimental Station Lunch (local farmer’s food)<br />
13:30-14:30 of Rain-harvesting Leave Beishan for Xinglongshan Mountain (a unique well-vegetation scenery)<br />
14:30-15:30 Agriculture) Visiting Xinglongshan Mountain<br />
15:30-17:00 Leave Xinglongshan Mountain for Lanzhou<br />
17:00-18:30<br />
Supper at Tsuiying Hotel (for key speakers) <strong>and</strong> Oriental Hotel (for the delegates)<br />
12<br />
You-Cai Xiong<br />
Xuzhe Zhao<br />
Xiaojun Hu<br />
Feng Zhang<br />
Feng-Min Li<br />
Jiansheng Ye<br />
Changan Liu<br />
Xiaofeng Zhang<br />
Notes: Based on our underst<strong>and</strong>ing on the experience <strong>and</strong> preference of key speakers, we suggest that all the participants including ordinary delegates <strong>and</strong> key<br />
speakers will be divided into two groups. Group 1 will travel to Minqin <strong>and</strong> Wuwei for investigating degraded oasis agricultural l<strong>and</strong>scape. The key speakers of this<br />
group include Prof. Kadambot Siddique, Prof. Neil Turner, Prof. Richard Hobbs, Dr. Jairo Palta, Dr. Qifu Ma, Prof. Zed Rengel <strong>and</strong> Dr. Zhenghua Zhang <strong>and</strong> Dr.<br />
Xinhua He <strong>and</strong> some others. Group 2 consists of Prof. Don Bullock, Prof. Yantai Gan, Prof. Huilian Xu, Prof. Changsheng Li, Dr. Sasha Jenkins, Dr. Gavan<br />
McGrath, Dr. Yajie Song, Prof. Jiaguo Qi <strong>and</strong> some others. This arrangement is based on the principle in which all the participants who have never been to Beishan<br />
Experimental Station of Dryl<strong>and</strong> Agriculture will be suggested to Beishan Station. The rest of participants will go to Minqin <strong>and</strong> Wuwei for oasis agricultural
l<strong>and</strong>scape <strong>and</strong> precision agriculture.<br />
Introduction to Wuwei of Gansu (Minqin County is an administrative county of Wuwei City)<br />
Wuwei (Chinese: 武威; pinyin: Wŭwēi) is located in northwest central Gansu province. In the north it borders Inner Mongolia, in the southwest, Qinghai. Its<br />
central location between three western capitals, Lanzhou, Xining, <strong>and</strong> Yinchuan makes it an important business <strong>and</strong> transportation hub for the area. Because of its<br />
position along the Hexi Corridor, historically the only route from central China to western China <strong>and</strong> the rest of Central Asia, many major railroads <strong>and</strong> national<br />
highways pass through Wuwei.<br />
Wuwei's geography is dominated by three plateaus, the Loess, Tibetan, <strong>and</strong> Mongolian. Elevation can be generalized as, the south is high <strong>and</strong> the north is low,<br />
with elevations ranging from 1,020 to 4,874 meters (3,350 to 15,991 ft) above sea-level. Its area is 33,000 km2 (13,000 sq mi). Average annual temperature is 7.8<br />
°C (46.0 °F). The climate is arid or semi-arid with rainfall between 60 to 610 mm (2.4 to 24 in). Evaporation is from 1,400 to 3,000 mm (55 to 120 in), creating a<br />
net loss of water each year. There are 2200–3000 sunlight hours each year <strong>and</strong> from 85–165 frost free days. Temperatures during summer in excess of 45.0 °C<br />
(113.0 °F) in the shade are by no means unheard of. In ancient times, Wuwei was called Liangzhou (凉州) <strong>and</strong> is the eastern terminus of the Hexi Corridor. People<br />
began settling here 5000 years ago. It was a key link for the Northern Silk Road, <strong>and</strong> a number of important archaeological finds were uncovered from Wuwei,<br />
including ancient copper carts with stone animals. It became an important provincial capital during the Former Han Dynasty. Famous cultural relics from Wuwei<br />
include the Galloping Bronze Horse (铜奔马), Western Xia stele (西夏碑), White Tower Temple (白塔寺), Tianti Mountain Grotto (天梯山石窟), Luoshi Temple<br />
Tower (罗什寺塔), <strong>and</strong> the Wen Miao Confucian temple.(文庙). Wuwei enjoys an enduring history, rich cultural heritages, particular natural sceneries <strong>and</strong><br />
multiform ethnologic features. There are 543 relics <strong>and</strong> historical sites in the city. There are about 40,000 items (volumes) of relics stored in the museums. Among<br />
the relics, in the Han Tomb of Leitai, there is the Bronze Galloping Horse, the Symbol of China’s Tourism; the Xixia Monument is regarded as “a living<br />
dictionary” by scholars from home <strong>and</strong> abroad; the Wuwei Confucian Temple is well know as “the top Academy of learning”, the Tiantishan Grottoes is<br />
considered “the senior ancestor of the Chinese ancient grottoes”; the Baitashi Temple (White Pagodas) is the historical evidence, proving that Tibet has been part of<br />
China since ancient times; the Luoshisi Tower is the Holy l<strong>and</strong> of the Buddhism; the Dayongsi Bell is the ancient site of the Great Wall. Others include Wuwei<br />
Desert Park, the Endangered-wild Animals Breeding Center, Minqin Desert Reservoir, which is the largest one in the Asia.<br />
Minqin County (Chinese: 民勤县; pinyin: Mínqín Xiàn) is an administrative district in Gansu, the People's Republic of China. It is one of 58 counties of<br />
Gansu. It is part of the Wuwei prefecture, with the city of the same name being the prefecture seat. Its postal code is 733300, <strong>and</strong> its population in 1999 was 281,826<br />
people. Geographically, Minqin County occupies one of Gansu's panh<strong>and</strong>les, bordering in the north, east, <strong>and</strong> southeast on the Alashan League of Inner Mongolia.<br />
In older literature, the area is referred to as Zhenfan (Chen-fan); in the 1920s it was considered as somewhat of a regular famine district. Large number of Zhenfan<br />
13
people, nicknamed "S<strong>and</strong>-hollow Mice", worked as "camel-pullers" with caravans owned by Mongols from the adjacent Alashan, or moved—temporarily or<br />
permanently—to Xinjiang. For example, as of 1926, the main population of the small oasis of Santanghu (now, officially, Santanghu township) in what's today<br />
Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County of Xinjiang were migrants from Minqin (Zhenfan) <strong>and</strong> their descendants.<br />
Badangrim Desert<br />
Maya snow mountain<br />
Wuwei<br />
Minqin<br />
Lanzhou<br />
Dried Qintuhu Lake<br />
Tianzhu<br />
Tenger Desert<br />
Cropl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> dune area<br />
A B C D<br />
Fallowed cropl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> dunes Hongyashan Desert Reservoir Maya Snow Mountain<br />
14<br />
E F G<br />
White Pagodas Temple Han Dynasty Tomb of Leitai Disappeared Qintuhu Lake<br />
A. Geographic map traveling from Lanzhou to Minqin (with a special tour of visiting disappeared lake which was a really existing lake 30 years ago)<br />
B. About 150 thous<strong>and</strong> hectares of cropl<strong>and</strong>s have been returned for reservation, as indicated in this photo<br />
C. The biggest desert reservoir in Asia, Hongyashan Reservoir<br />
D. The origin of water resource in upstream of Wuwei watershed, Maya Snow Mountain<br />
E. White Pagodas Temple, a historic place where an official agreement had been signed with record of Tibetan being unified into China over 700 years ago<br />
F. Han Dynasty Tomb of Leitai, a special place where Bronze Flying Horse as a national symbol of Chinese tourism was found 30 years ago<br />
G. Disappeared Qintuhu Lake, an occurent story as called by second Lop Lur (a completely vanished oasis in Xinjiang)
Introduction to the Loess Plateau (<strong>and</strong> the Rain-harvesting <strong>Agricultural</strong> Experimental Station of Beishan)<br />
The Loess Plateau (Chinese: 黄土高原; pinyin: huángtǔ gāoyuán), also known as the Huangtu Plateau, is a plateau that covers an area of some 640,000 km² in<br />
the upper <strong>and</strong> middle of China's Yellow River <strong>and</strong> China proper. Loess is the name for the silty sediment that has been deposited by wind storms on the plateau over the<br />
ages. Loess is a highly erosion-prone soil that is susceptible to the forces of wind <strong>and</strong> water; in fact, the soil of this region has been called the "most highly erodible soil<br />
on earth". The Loess Plateau <strong>and</strong> its dusty soil cover almost all of Shanxi, Shaanxi, <strong>and</strong> Gansu provinces, the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, <strong>and</strong> parts of others.<br />
Rain-harvesting <strong>Agricultural</strong> Experimental Station of Beishan, Lanzhou University is located at Zhonglianchuan in the northern mountain region of Yuzhong<br />
County, Gansu Province, China (36.03 ◦ N,104 ◦ .5 E,). The area has a medium temperate semiarid climate, with an annual mean air temperature of 6.5 ◦ C, a<br />
maximum of 19.0 ◦C (July) <strong>and</strong> minimum of −8.0◦C (January). The mean annual precipitation is 320mm, about 60% of which is in July–September, <strong>and</strong> the<br />
average annual free water evaporation is about 1300mm. The average elevations 2400 meters (7874 ft). The water table is very deep, so ground water is unavailable<br />
for plant growth in this region.<br />
A Baiyin<br />
B C D<br />
2.5 hours by bus<br />
Lanzhou Beishan<br />
E F G A. Geographic map of Beishan<br />
B. Loess Plateau Agriculture L<strong>and</strong>scape<br />
C. Mulching cover farming field<br />
D. Heavy livelihood pressure in this area<br />
E. Major farming patterns<br />
F. Rain-harvesting cistern<br />
G. Penned sheep<br />
15
24-July-2010<br />
Forum on arid agroecology for young scientists<br />
8:30-8:50 Ruiying Guo<br />
Session 10 Chair: Prof. Kadambot Siddique<br />
Nitrogen cycling <strong>and</strong> management in intensive greenhouse vegetable cropping system China<br />
8:50-9:10<br />
Xiangwen Fang Ecophysiological responses to drought of Caragana korshinskii seedlings, a shrub showing no leaf<br />
abscission<br />
9:10-9:30 Luming Ding Grazing Behaviour of yak on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau China<br />
9:30-9:50<br />
Min Wei<br />
Temperature-dependent expression of Type III secretion system genes <strong>and</strong> its regulation in Bradyrhizobium<br />
japonicum iinitial interaction with Glycine max (L.) Merr<br />
9:50-10:10 Xusheng Guo Nitrogen adaptation of yak to the harsh forage environment of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau China<br />
10:10-10:40 Coffee break<br />
10:40-11:00 Dawei Zhang<br />
Session 11 Chair: Prof. Richard Hobbs<br />
The construction <strong>and</strong> implementation of a sustainable ecosystem management system for the ecological<br />
fragile region of western China<br />
11:00-11:20 Feng Zhang Chinese grassl<strong>and</strong> carbon storage <strong>and</strong> N2O emission China<br />
11:20-11:40 Changan Liu Manure amended soil water <strong>and</strong> improved crop yields in newly built terraces on the semi-arid Loess Plateau China<br />
11:40-12:00 Jiansheng Ye<br />
Effects of increased interannual variability of temperature <strong>and</strong> precipitation on the productivity of biomes of<br />
the Tibetan Plateau: A modeling analyses<br />
12:00-13:30 Lunch at Tsuiying Hotel (for key speakers) <strong>and</strong> Oriental Hotel (for the delegates)<br />
14:00-14:20 Haibin Wang<br />
Session 12 Chair: Prof. Neil Turner<br />
Using rice allelopathy to protect the diversity of agro-ecosystem China<br />
16<br />
China<br />
China<br />
China<br />
China
24-July-2010<br />
25-July-2010<br />
14:20-14:40 Junlan Xiong<br />
Exogenous application of 2, 4-epibrassinolide improves drought tolerance but lowers ODAP level in<br />
grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) seedlings<br />
14:40-15:00 Xiaojun Hu Response of farmer community to water right reform policy in fragile degraded oasis of Minqin, China China<br />
15:00-15:20 Changxun Fang Suppression <strong>and</strong> overexpression of Lsi1 affects ultraviolet-B tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) China<br />
15:20-15:40 Xiaoliang Qin Allometric relationships of root vs. shoot in different ploid wheat China<br />
15:40-16:10 Coffee break<br />
Session 13 Chair: Prof. Zed Rengel<br />
16:10-16:30 Ying Zhang “Goat roads” micro-l<strong>and</strong>scape research China<br />
16:30-16:50 Chaojie Jia The influence of future climate change on potentially suitable areas for maize in China China<br />
16:50-17:10 Fei Mo<br />
17:10-17:30 Fengxia Tian<br />
Phenological adaptability <strong>and</strong> life history strategy of different oat genotypes along the altitude <strong>and</strong><br />
rainfall gradients in semiarid northwest China<br />
Model-based estimation of the canopy transpiration of Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) forest in the<br />
Qilian Mountains<br />
Closing Ceremony<br />
17:30-18:00 Comments on the workshop by Feng-Min Li <strong>and</strong> Kadambot Siddique <strong>and</strong> some key speakers<br />
18:00-19:30 Supper at Tsuiying Hotel (for key speakers) <strong>and</strong> Oriental Hotel (for the delegates)<br />
17<br />
Panel Meeting<br />
9:00-10:00 Address on the workshop by Prof. Siddique; Critical review on past work by Prof. Li<br />
10:00-12:00 Collaborative framework <strong>and</strong> developmental plan for LZU <strong>and</strong> UWA, e.g. President of LZU will visit UWA by the end of<br />
November, <strong>and</strong> other programs.<br />
12:00-13:30 Lunch at Tsuiying Hotel (for key speakers) <strong>and</strong> Oriental Hotel (for the delegates)<br />
China<br />
China<br />
China
Extended Abstracts<br />
Pathways of assessing the health <strong>and</strong> the management of agroecosystem...................................................21<br />
The vegetation community natural restoration process of degraded woodl<strong>and</strong> in the<br />
northern slope of Qilian Mountains, China ...........................................................................................................22<br />
Competitive ability <strong>and</strong> yield stability in winter wheat old <strong>and</strong> modern cultivars...................................24<br />
Maize yield <strong>and</strong> precipitation use efficiency responses to furrow-planting <strong>and</strong> wheat straw<br />
mulching system in rainfed regions of northern China .....................................................................................25<br />
Leaf N content <strong>and</strong> normalized different vegetation index of maize under different<br />
nitrogen <strong>and</strong> water regimes.........................................................................................................................................26<br />
Spatial heterogeneity of soil resources of Caragana Tibetica community: “fertile isl<strong>and</strong>”<br />
<strong>and</strong> the nebkha effect.....................................................................................................................................................27<br />
Transpiration <strong>and</strong> water content of Caragana korshinskii <strong>and</strong> its relation to soil moisture<br />
<strong>and</strong> rainfall in the Loess Plateau, China .................................................................................................................28<br />
Embedding dapeng regions as a state multiple ecosystem symbiosis special zone (SMESZ)<br />
in China’s pearl delta ecosystems..............................................................................................................................29<br />
Biomass production <strong>and</strong> relative competitive ability of two co-dominant C3 <strong>and</strong> C4 species<br />
under water stress in a pot experiment ...................................................................................................................30<br />
On the dust impact on marine ecosystems in northern China ........................................................................31<br />
The effect of ecological management in the upper reaches of Heihe River.................................................32<br />
Application of MTCLIM model <strong>and</strong> its evaluation in Northeast China ......................................................34<br />
A research of marine industry management based on ecosystem..................................................................34<br />
Study on transpiration <strong>and</strong> water consumption of maize within a windbreak in Hexi<br />
Corridor oasis, northwestern China.........................................................................................................................35<br />
Fertilizer use efficiency <strong>and</strong> soil quality response to application of fertilizer <strong>and</strong> manure of<br />
newly built terraces on the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China.........................................................................37<br />
Effects of plastic film mulch on soil microbial biomass C <strong>and</strong> soil fertility in the semiarid<br />
Loess Plateau of China..................................................................................................................................................38<br />
Developing low-carbon-footprint cropping systems for semiarid areas ......................................................39<br />
Research on total phosphorus removal from sewage by subsurface flow constructed<br />
wetl<strong>and</strong>s..............................................................................................................................................................................40<br />
Evaluation of water resources for their sustainable utilization in Manas River basin ...........................40<br />
Model-based estimation of the canopy transpiration of Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia)<br />
forest in the Qilian Mountains....................................................................................................................................41<br />
The relationship between riparian vegetation of Heihe <strong>and</strong> environmental factors................................42<br />
18
Spatial variation of water requirement for spring wheat in the middle reaches of Heihe<br />
River basin ........................................................................................................................................................................43<br />
The analysis on the spatial-temporal change of climate aridity in Xilinguole Grassl<strong>and</strong>s ....................44<br />
The study of the evolution between ecological security pattern <strong>and</strong> agricultural productive<br />
force in the Manas River basin for the past thirty years...................................................................................45<br />
The vegetation restoration process of degraded woodl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> its eco-hydrological effects<br />
in northern slope of Qilian Mountains, China ......................................................................................................46<br />
Analysis of storage, water holding characteristics <strong>and</strong> nutrient element storages of litter<br />
with different Coniferous types in Xiaolong Mountain forest, Gansu Province .......................................47<br />
Analysis of the s<strong>and</strong>l<strong>and</strong>-agroecosystem coupling evolution in Mu Us. .......................................................49<br />
The influence of future climate change on potentially suitable areas for the maize growth in<br />
China ...................................................................................................................................................................................50<br />
Analysis sustainability of new <strong>and</strong> traditional energy economics based on the game theory ...............50<br />
Research status <strong>and</strong> development strategy of long-term agro-ecosystem experiment in<br />
mainl<strong>and</strong> China ...............................................................................................................................................................51<br />
Effects of drought stress on the photosynthesis of Salix paraqplesia <strong>and</strong> Hippophae<br />
rhamnoides seedlings.....................................................................................................................................................51<br />
Response of chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of Populus euphratica heteromorphic<br />
leaves to high temperature...........................................................................................................................................53<br />
An AHP based low-carbon economy assessment system...................................................................................54<br />
A comparative study of seed germination traits of 52 plant species from the<br />
Gurbantunggut desert <strong>and</strong> its peripheral zone.....................................................................................................54<br />
Study on the comprehensive factors of ecosystem <strong>and</strong> its assessment in regional<br />
development......................................................................................................................................................................55<br />
Research progresses in nitrous oxide emission from agricultural soil..........................................................55<br />
Effect of different irrigation amount on yield <strong>and</strong> photosynthetic <strong>and</strong> ecological<br />
characteristics of Jerusalem artichoke ....................................................................................................................56<br />
Dry-l<strong>and</strong> facilities vegetables in Shouguang: a view from the protection of ecological<br />
environment <strong>and</strong> the production of safe food........................................................................................................56<br />
Impacts of climate changes on the vegetation of desert ecosystem ................................................................57<br />
Comparative study on metabolic rates in different-ploidy wheats in flag leaf stage under<br />
drought stress ...................................................................................................................................................................57<br />
Grey Correlation Analysis for Wheat Plant-type Traits <strong>and</strong> Yield Formation under<br />
Drought Stress..................................................................................................................................................................58<br />
19
Review on physiology <strong>and</strong> biochemistry of drought-induced protein in wheat crop...............................59<br />
Responses of key photosynthetic enzymes to varying drought stresses induced by<br />
micro-ecological fields in two desert shrub species: A cue for C3-C4 photosynthesis<br />
evolution.............................................................................................................................................................................59<br />
Ecophysiological mechanism of exogenous Eu3+ improving drought tolerance in relation to<br />
plasma membrane Na+-K+-ATPase of different organs in grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.)<br />
seedlings .............................................................................................................................................................................60<br />
Type diversity <strong>and</strong> spatial variability of saline soil in Manas River watershed of Xinjiang.................61<br />
20
Pathways of assessing the health <strong>and</strong> the management of<br />
agroecosystem<br />
Zhu Wenfeng 1 , Wang Songliang 1,∗ , Claude D Caldwell 2<br />
1.College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture <strong>and</strong> Forestry University Fuzhou,350002;<br />
2.Department of botany <strong>and</strong> Animals Sciences, Nova Scotia <strong>Agricultural</strong> College Truro, NS, Canada B2N 5E3<br />
Abstract:<br />
Rapid deterioration of structure <strong>and</strong> functional properties in agroecosystems has intensified the need<br />
for researching of agroecosystem health <strong>and</strong> agroecosystem management. Agroecosystem health could<br />
provide an appealing guideline for agricultural research <strong>and</strong> agroecosystem management. More<br />
researchers were devoted to the exploration of the frontiers of agroecosystem health study. There are,<br />
however, problems of agroecosystem health research such as: lack of uniform definition <strong>and</strong><br />
assessment st<strong>and</strong>ards of agroecosystem health; being difficulty to establish a systematical <strong>and</strong><br />
scientific evaluation index system becoming the bottle-neck of agroecosystem health research;<br />
progress of agroecosystem health research hindered by leading role of subjective <strong>and</strong> economic factors;<br />
the need of method of combining the qualitative analysis with quantitative analysis in agroecosystem<br />
health study; few studies attempting to link agroecosystem health to agroecosystem management,<br />
which is the key factor in agroecosystem sustainable development <strong>and</strong> survival of human being. The<br />
present paper aims to provide concepts <strong>and</strong> interaction between agroecosystem health <strong>and</strong><br />
agroecosystem management, <strong>and</strong> further to establish agroecosystem health evaluation system in a<br />
scientific approach <strong>and</strong> give proper pathways to agroecosystem management, so as to provide basis to<br />
support agricultural management <strong>and</strong> policy decision making.<br />
This paper describes the concept of agroecosystem health as a concept models. First, the development<br />
of research is reviewed, <strong>and</strong> agroecosystem health from various dimensions is provided.<br />
Agroecosystem health is an ideal condition that a healthy agroecosystem can keep itself from<br />
side-effects of occurrence of "disorder syndrome", keeping vitality, diversity, coordinating its stability<br />
of organizational structure <strong>and</strong> maintaining high productivity. In non-human external stress, its<br />
efficient use of resources can keep the continuous production <strong>and</strong> service capacity for the entire<br />
ecosystem. Then, the methods <strong>and</strong> general criteria of agroecosystem health assessment are outlined,<br />
<strong>and</strong> a model for evaluating the agroecosystem health is established. Delphi method <strong>and</strong> AHP are used<br />
to integrate quantitative <strong>and</strong> qualitative research in establishing a four-stage framework of<br />
agroecosystem health assessment. 36 indicators are selected <strong>and</strong> separated into layers following a<br />
logical. The first level is ‘Object’, i.e. Evaluation objectives <strong>and</strong> Composite Index of agroecosystem<br />
health; The second level is ‘Item’ i.e. subsystem in an agroecosystem, including economy system,<br />
society system, ecosystem; The third level is the evaluation factors i.e. specific elements for every<br />
evaluation item, characteristics including Vigor, Organization structure, Resilience maintenance <strong>and</strong><br />
Equality in each subsystem. The fourth level is index level i.e. detail indicators to express each<br />
evaluation factors form microcosmic, middle <strong>and</strong> macroscopic dimensions. System analysis <strong>and</strong><br />
Mathematical model supply ways to give sores <strong>and</strong> calculate from the low level to high level, <strong>and</strong><br />
finally composite to a specific value.<br />
At last, through the application of agroecological principles based on agroecology, pathways of<br />
agroecosystem management both in macroscopic level <strong>and</strong> microscopic level are proposed.<br />
Agroecosystem <strong>Management</strong> should combine disciplines such as agroecology, economics, sociology<br />
<strong>and</strong> management theories. The authors believe that agroecosystem management is not only<br />
relationship between biotic <strong>and</strong> non-biotic in a farm, but also an practices derived by economic<br />
systemic, social <strong>and</strong> cultural driving force, orientated by policy, <strong>and</strong> linking producers to consumers.<br />
∗ Corresponding author, Wang Song Liang Email: wsoloedu07@126.com<br />
21
Therefore it could be realize from decision making, legal, participatory <strong>and</strong> ecological mechanisms in<br />
macroscopic level. Meanwhile, Agroecosystem management design should adaptat to the local<br />
environment <strong>and</strong> makes full use of information technology, biotechnology <strong>and</strong> ecological engineering<br />
technology though carrying out Integrated Nutrient <strong>Management</strong>, Integrated Soil <strong>Management</strong>,<br />
Integrated Water <strong>Management</strong>, <strong>and</strong> Integrated Pest <strong>Management</strong>, so as to promote the agroecosystem<br />
health, <strong>and</strong> to provide scientific basis for making scientific policy-decision <strong>and</strong> formulating new plans<br />
in agriculture development.<br />
In addition, to promote the dialogue between economists, sociologists <strong>and</strong> ecologists, <strong>and</strong> change<br />
economic benefits-centric development model into sustainable development model is the ultimate goal<br />
of this study. Meanwhile, using a case-study to support <strong>and</strong> stimulate researches of agroecosystem<br />
health <strong>and</strong> management from theoretical level to practice level is our substantial work. Besides, there<br />
is a need to combine the micro <strong>and</strong> macro-comprehensive research, so as to promote combining<br />
Remote sensing, Global position systems with Geographic information systems, <strong>and</strong> make principles<br />
of l<strong>and</strong>scape ecology <strong>and</strong> other means of macro-technological close coordination with the ground<br />
study, in order to underst<strong>and</strong> changes in agroecosystem structure, their functions <strong>and</strong> processes.<br />
Keywords : Agroecosystem; Agroecosystem health; Agroecosystem health assessment;<br />
Agroecosystem management<br />
The vegetation community natural restoration process of degraded<br />
woodl<strong>and</strong> in the northern slope of Qilian Mountains, China<br />
Zhao Cheng-Zhang 1,∗, Shi Fu-Xi 1, Dong Xiao-Gang1, Sheng Ya-Ping 1 And Yang Wen-Bin2<br />
1 College of Geography <strong>and</strong> Environment Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China<br />
2 Institute of forestry science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
Qilian Mountains of China as the transitional zone between Tibetan Plateau, Inner Mongolia Plateau<br />
<strong>and</strong> the Loess Plateau, which is the mainly distribution area of the forest <strong>and</strong> water conservation zone,<br />
but the long-term irrational human activities has led to severe degradation. Rebuilding <strong>and</strong> restoration<br />
to mountain forest system is a pressing theoretical <strong>and</strong> reality of propositions. Using long-term<br />
observation methods from 2001 to 2008, we studied the natural restoration process of degraded forest<br />
under artificial rearing in Hanquangou basin, the research content include species composition <strong>and</strong><br />
structure, dominant species supersede, functional groups, plant diversity <strong>and</strong> soil properties. Our<br />
subjects is to realize the natural restored process <strong>and</strong> direction of degraded forest system under<br />
removing human interference in the arid <strong>and</strong> semi-arid zone, <strong>and</strong> expected to provide a scientific basis<br />
for ecological restoration of Qilian Mountains or other regions.<br />
RESULTS<br />
Vegetation community environment gradually optimized when the human interference was eliminated,<br />
∗<br />
Corresponding author, CZ Zhao, Email: zhaocz@nwnu.edu.cn<br />
Financial support was provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.<br />
40971039) <strong>and</strong> the 11th five-year science <strong>and</strong> technology plan of China Mountains, (Grant No.<br />
2007BAD46B07).<br />
22
for example, the family, genus <strong>and</strong> species of plant communities have significantly increased, a total<br />
of 85 species were identified during this study, belonging to 68 genera <strong>and</strong> 35 families during 8 years.<br />
Species frequently replaced in the restore process, Annual <strong>and</strong> biennial xerophytes’ weed (A) was<br />
replaced by the other perennial hygrophilous herb, the important value (IV) of some pioneer tree<br />
increased, such as sheepberry, Betula platyphylla Suk. <strong>and</strong> Populus davidiana Dode., they gradually<br />
become the constructive species. Community structure showed supraterraneous stratification when<br />
trees <strong>and</strong> shrubs appeared in community. The height of herb <strong>and</strong> shrub did not greatly change, while<br />
the tree’s average height increased from 43.5cm in 2002 to 310.3cm in 2008. Herb layer density<br />
increased first then decreased, the density changes of shrub showed bimodal curve, the tree layer<br />
density increased from 0.04plant/m2 to 1.38plant/m2. According to the plant life-form, we divided the<br />
vegetation community into seven functional groups: Annual <strong>and</strong> biennial weed (A), Perennial forbs<br />
(PF), Perennial grasses (PG), Legume plants (LP), Shrubs or semi-shrubs (S), Arbors (AR) <strong>and</strong> Lianas<br />
(L). Annual <strong>and</strong> biennial weed (A) <strong>and</strong> Perennial forbs (PF) accounted for a large proportion in the<br />
early stage of the restoration process, then the woody plants gradually increased in middle-later period.<br />
While the kinds of tree-layer (TL) is relative single since artificial rearing, species richness <strong>and</strong><br />
diversity was far lower than shrub <strong>and</strong> herbaceous layer. With the restoration time going, the total<br />
community diversity increased, the changes of vegetation community Patrick’s index,<br />
Shannon-Wienner’s index <strong>and</strong> Simpson’s index in spatial structure as follows: Herb layer(HL)>shrub<br />
layer(SL)>tree layer(TL), but the trend of Pielou’s index was opposite. In the different natural<br />
restoration stage, the soil properties were improved significantly. The average soil bulk density (SBD)<br />
was only 0.86g±0.02/cm3, total porosity of the soil is higher than 53 %. Soil water content (SWC)<br />
increased from 16.1±1.59% in early stage to 38.91±5.91% in later stage of the restoration process, Soil<br />
organic carbon (SOC) <strong>and</strong> total nitrogen (TN) contents gradually increased. SOC <strong>and</strong> TN varied<br />
within a range of 4.66±0.37g/kg~70.65±14.06g/kg、3.13±0.21g/kg~5.85±0.70g/kg respectively,<br />
SOC <strong>and</strong> Total N in surface soil were larger than the deep.<br />
CONCLUSION<br />
There is no doubt that climate change <strong>and</strong> human interference have effect on plant community, but<br />
strong plasticity of the plant under artificial rearing made them restore themselves quickly. We found<br />
that, under removing human interference, the degraded forest has experienced secondary succession<br />
process that from the herb community to shrub community finally reached woodl<strong>and</strong> community after<br />
8 years exclusion measures, When the vegetation restored to the early pioneer tree-shrub mixed forest<br />
stage, the community composition, structural characteristics <strong>and</strong> diversity were similar to the local<br />
mature secondary vegetation, <strong>and</strong> this community type showed a better eco-hydrological effects of<br />
soil at this stage. However, the restore results have some certain specificity <strong>and</strong> uncertainty in a short<br />
time, it still needs a longer time to return to the top phase of the complex species composition.<br />
23
Competitive ability <strong>and</strong> yield stability in winter wheat old <strong>and</strong><br />
modern cultivars<br />
Yan Fang1,2,3, Lin Liu1,2,3, Bingcheng Xu1,2 <strong>and</strong> FengMin Li1,2,*<br />
1State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion <strong>and</strong> Dryl<strong>and</strong> Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil <strong>and</strong> Water<br />
Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences <strong>and</strong> Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, China.<br />
2MOE Key Laboratory of Arid <strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.<br />
3Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.<br />
Abstract:A pot <strong>and</strong> two field experiments were conducted to analysis of changes in competitive<br />
ability <strong>and</strong> yield stability of old <strong>and</strong> modern winter wheat cultivars <strong>and</strong> to attempt assessment whether<br />
a relationship is existed between competitive ability <strong>and</strong> yield stability. Two water regimes were<br />
imposed to compare competitive effects <strong>and</strong> yield stability under adequately watered <strong>and</strong><br />
water-limited conditions. The results are similar in both pot <strong>and</strong> field experiment. Competitive ability<br />
was investigated using de Wit replacement series. In mixture, the old cultivar had a higher relative<br />
yield <strong>and</strong> spikes number compared with that of modern cultivar, the dry matter content per stem of<br />
modern cultivar tended to decrease with increasing proportions of old l<strong>and</strong>race. The difference<br />
between old <strong>and</strong> modern cultivar mentioned above showed that the competitive ability of modern<br />
cultivar was lower than that of old cultivar in mixture. In monoculture, the modern cultivar had higher<br />
grain yield, yield components (except spike number), water use efficiency (WUEg) <strong>and</strong> harvest index<br />
than the old cultivar under two water regimes. However, the reduced grain yield from water adequate<br />
to water limited condition in old cultivar was higher than that of modern cultivar in both pot <strong>and</strong> field<br />
experiment. Greater grain yield of modern cultivar was associated with higher harvest index,<br />
thous<strong>and</strong>-kernel-weight <strong>and</strong> lower R: S ration. Water consumption over the entire growing period was<br />
significantly higher in old cultivar under difference moisture, <strong>and</strong> mainly different between two<br />
cultivars was observed before anthesis period. The competition superiority of old l<strong>and</strong>race was mostly<br />
due to the higher plant height, LAI, tiller capability <strong>and</strong> larger root system. Post-anthesis accumulation<br />
of dry matter was greater in modern cultivar under water limited condition, no difference between two<br />
cultivars when water condition improved. The dry matter remobilization <strong>and</strong> its contribution to grain<br />
yield for modern cultivar were lower than old l<strong>and</strong>race. Our study demonstrated that higher<br />
competitive ability in old l<strong>and</strong>race leading to increase growth redundancy (both above-ground <strong>and</strong><br />
belowground biomass), which resulting in more grain yield was lost when water condition was<br />
unfavorable, <strong>and</strong> contributed to decrease the yield stability. In conclusion, the current study suggested<br />
that breeder should pay more attention to select new cultivars with low competition <strong>and</strong> high yield<br />
stability, which may lead to superior performance in semi-arid area.<br />
keywords: Triticum aestivum, Semi-arid Loess Plateau, Growth redundancy, Above-ground biomass,<br />
Root system, Post-anthesis dry matter dynamics.<br />
*<br />
Corresponding author, FengMin Li, Email: fmli@lzu.edu.cn<br />
24
Maize yield <strong>and</strong> precipitation use efficiency responses to<br />
furrow-planting <strong>and</strong> wheat straw mulching system in rainfed<br />
regions of northern China<br />
Tongchao Wang, Li Wei <strong>and</strong> Youcai Xiong*<br />
MOE Key Laboratory of Arid <strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> Ecology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou,<br />
China,730000.<br />
Abstract:In the rain-fed areas of northern China, maize is staple crop because it is well adapted to<br />
high temperature; however, low <strong>and</strong> variable rainfall <strong>and</strong> high evaportranspiration rates are prone to<br />
water-limited environments during growing season, making yield unsustainable. Moreover, the rainy<br />
season does not parallel the growth periods with maize growth. In this study, we tested the<br />
performance of furrow-planting pattern <strong>and</strong> straw mulching system in a rain-fed area of northern<br />
China under a winter wheat-summer maize doubling rotation. Four treatments were established <strong>and</strong><br />
conducted on a rain-fed farml<strong>and</strong> for 2 consecutive years (2005-2006 to 2006-2007): conventional flat<br />
planting (F), furrow planting between two ridges (B), flat planting with wheat straw mulched (FS),<br />
<strong>and</strong> furrow planting between two ridges with wheat straw mulched (BS). Grain yield, soil water<br />
content, precipitation use efficiency (PUEY), <strong>and</strong> LAI were measured through all growing season<br />
during the study periods. Values to all the parameters measured were very close ridge tillage <strong>and</strong><br />
wheat straw mulching practice across the rainfall variability within growing seasons. Across two years,<br />
ridge tillage combined with furrow-planting increased maize yield <strong>and</strong> PUEY by 430 kg hm-2 (7.3 %)<br />
<strong>and</strong> 1.5 kg mm-1 hm-2 (10.7 %), as compared with conventional flat-planting, whereas<br />
furrow-planting, coupled with mulching straw practice, increased yield <strong>and</strong> PUEY by an additional<br />
16.9 % <strong>and</strong> 19.4 %, respectively. Compared with F from jointing to maturity, the LAI values of BS<br />
were more significant higher 55.6% to 26.1% in 2006, <strong>and</strong> 81.4% to 21.7% in 2007, respectively.<br />
Thus, furrow-planting combining with straw coving ridges performed best under maize seasonal<br />
rainfall
Leaf N content <strong>and</strong> normalized different vegetation index of maize<br />
under different nitrogen <strong>and</strong> water regimes<br />
Tongchao Wang1, Li Wei1, Youcai Xiong2, <strong>and</strong> Baoluo Ma3,*<br />
1 Permanent address: Henan <strong>Agricultural</strong> University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, China, 450002.<br />
2 MOE Key Laboratory of Arid <strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> Ecology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China,<br />
730000.<br />
3 Eastern Cereal <strong>and</strong> Oilseed Research Centre (ECORC), Agriculture <strong>and</strong> Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue,<br />
Ottawa ON K1A 0C6<br />
Abstract:Remote sensing techniques offer a unique solution for instant measurements of leaf N<br />
content during crop growing seasons. A controlled greenhouse study with maize (Zea Mays L.)<br />
imposed with both water <strong>and</strong> N regimes was conducted in Ottawa, Canada to identify special<br />
waveb<strong>and</strong>(s) or normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI), which is capable of detecting under<br />
different stresses leaf N content. Three nitrogen rates (0, 160, <strong>and</strong> 400 kg N ha-1) by three water<br />
regimes including 0.75, 1.00, <strong>and</strong> 1.25 times of water surface evaporation (Ep) measured by a<br />
st<strong>and</strong>ard 0.2m diameter pan, denoted treatments as 0.75 Ep, 1.00 Ep <strong>and</strong> 1.25 Ep in a factorial<br />
arrangement were established shortly after V3 growth stage. At V6, V9, <strong>and</strong> V12 stages, leaf<br />
chlorophyll content <strong>and</strong> leaf spectral (400-1075 nm) reflectance were measured simultaneously on the<br />
uppermost fully exp<strong>and</strong>ed leaves. Leaf N content was also determined using destructive samples at the<br />
same stages. Both water <strong>and</strong> N treatments significantly affected leaf chlorophyll meter readings, <strong>and</strong><br />
also were responsive to normalized chlorophyll index (SI), <strong>and</strong> NDVI550 from V6 to V12 growth<br />
stages. Chlorophyll index was increased with increments of N nutrition, but decreased with intensified<br />
water stress. Leaf reflectance at waveb<strong>and</strong>s of 550±5 nm <strong>and</strong> 760±5 nm was able to separate water<br />
<strong>and</strong> nitrogen stressed plants from plants with normal growth. Interestingly, spectral reflectance at the<br />
NIR waveb<strong>and</strong>s identified water <strong>and</strong> nitrogen treatments at V12 growth stage. There was significant<br />
<strong>and</strong> linear relationship between leaf reflectance index (NDVI550) <strong>and</strong> leaf N at the V9 <strong>and</strong> V12<br />
growth stages. Thus, our results suggest that NDVI550 <strong>and</strong> SI hold promise for the assessment of leaf<br />
N content at leaf level, but the results of specific measurements were dependent on the changes of<br />
crop growing seasons, soil N supply level, <strong>and</strong> soil water status.<br />
Keywords: SPAD-502, Leaf N Content, Chlorophyll Readings, Reflectance, Maize.<br />
* Corresponding author, B. L. Ma, Tel.:1-613-759-1521; Fax: 1-613-759-1515, Email: mab@agr.gc.ca<br />
26
Spatial heterogeneity of soil resources of Caragana Tibetica<br />
community: “fertile isl<strong>and</strong>” <strong>and</strong> the nebkha effect<br />
Pujin Zhang 1, Jie Yang1,2,*, Liqing Zhao1, Bao Sarula1, Bingyu Song1<br />
1School of Life Sciences, lnner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China.<br />
2Sino-US Center for Conservation, Energy <strong>and</strong> Sustainability Science in Inner Mongolia, Inner Mongolia University,<br />
Hohhot 010021, China.<br />
Abstract:Nebkhas (or coppice dunes) formed by shrubs are a common phenomenon in arid <strong>and</strong><br />
semi-arid areas, which play an important role in preventing soil erosion <strong>and</strong> improving microclimate<br />
<strong>and</strong> soil properties. One feature that makes them special is the development of “fertile isl<strong>and</strong>s’’<br />
resulting from interactions between shrubs with their soil micro-environment. We investigated<br />
whether such fertile isl<strong>and</strong>s are found inside <strong>and</strong> underneath Caragana tibetica-formed nebkhas in the<br />
northwest of Ordos Plateau of China. We also tested whether the fertile isl<strong>and</strong> effect increases with the<br />
age of nebkhas <strong>and</strong> analyzed how soil nutrients <strong>and</strong> water inside nebkhas vary with soil depth.<br />
Patterns of soil texture were analyzed to evaluate s<strong>and</strong> fixation ability of C. tibetica. We analyzed<br />
morphometric characteristics of C. tibetica nebkhas in an area of 450 ha where nebkhas of different<br />
developmental stages were selected. Soil samples were taken inside, underneath <strong>and</strong> outside of<br />
nebkhas to measure soil organic matter (SOM), total phosphorus (TP) <strong>and</strong> soil moisture (SM). We<br />
also established a 5 m × 5 m plot divided into a grid of 25, 1 meter cells. Soil texture characteristics<br />
were analyzed from samples taken at the center of each cell <strong>and</strong> at nebkha tops. Additionally, two<br />
individual nebkhas were used to analyze soil particle-size distributions inside nebkhas.<br />
SOM, TP <strong>and</strong> SM both inside <strong>and</strong> underneath nebkhas of stabilizing growth stages were higher than<br />
that at the growing stages, with these properties being smallest outside of nebkhhas. Inside nebkhas of<br />
stabilizing <strong>and</strong> growing stages SOM <strong>and</strong> TP first increased <strong>and</strong> then decreased vertically, but SM<br />
steadily increased. The amount of s<strong>and</strong> fixed by C. tibetica per unit area was 0.0313 m3m-2. Nebkhas<br />
of C. tibetica mainly accumulated fine s<strong>and</strong>, which accounted for 76 % of the soil, which is<br />
significantly higher than outside of nebkhas. Spatial variance of fine s<strong>and</strong>s was the highest. Spatial<br />
dependence of soil particles of different size classes was detected to a distance of 0.64 <strong>and</strong> 1.99 m.<br />
Fine s<strong>and</strong> particles gradually decreased with depth <strong>and</strong> other soil particle sizes increased. This work<br />
shows that fertile isl<strong>and</strong>s are formed inside <strong>and</strong> underneath C. tibetica nebkhas. C. tibetica has<br />
significant effects on s<strong>and</strong> fixation.<br />
Keywords: Ordos plateau, soil characteristics, spatial heterogeneity, Caragana tibetica, nebkhas<br />
* Corresponding author, Jie Yang, Email: jyang@imu.edu.cn<br />
27
Transpiration <strong>and</strong> water content of Caragana korshinskii <strong>and</strong> its<br />
relation to soil moisture <strong>and</strong> rainfall in the Loess Plateau, China<br />
Jimin Cheng1,* Jie Cheng2 Lingping Zhao2 Liping Qiu1<br />
1,Institute of Soil <strong>and</strong> Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences <strong>and</strong> Ministry of Soil Resources; Institute of<br />
Soil <strong>and</strong> Water Conservation, Northwest A & F University<br />
2, College of Animal Sciences, Northwest A & F University<br />
Abstract:<br />
C. korshinskii is a perennial shrub with high drought- , cold- <strong>and</strong> poor fertilizer tolerant capbility. It<br />
widely distributes in both northeast China <strong>and</strong> northwest China as artificial shrubbery <strong>and</strong> is used as<br />
forage for grazing livestock <strong>and</strong> fuel resource for local famer. It also plays an important role on water<br />
<strong>and</strong> soil conservation such as regulating surface runoff, preventing soil erosion <strong>and</strong> improving<br />
watershed hydrology <strong>and</strong> ecology, especially in the Loess Plateau, China. However, it degenerates in<br />
its early stage as it suffers long-lasting drought period while soil water, one of the essential water<br />
sources for growth, especially in the semi-arid area of Loess Plateau, China, can not match the water<br />
requrie for growth. Therefore, the studies on water physiology <strong>and</strong> ecology, <strong>and</strong> soil water content <strong>and</strong><br />
water utilization of plants have always attracted much attention. The objective of this work is to<br />
conduct a 21-year (1985-2006) study on the water content <strong>and</strong> transpiration of C. korshinskii<br />
investigated <strong>and</strong> its relations to soil moisture <strong>and</strong> rainfall in Loess Plateau, China.<br />
The following items of C. korshinskii were regularly measured plant height, shoots, biomass, water<br />
content of shoots <strong>and</strong> leves three times per year during its growing period. Meanwhile, wild plants<br />
were regularly investigated by the ten surrounding list quadrats with area of 1×1 m, at the same time<br />
as C. korshinskii was investigated. Transpiration rate of C. korshinskii was measured one time with<br />
the Quick In vitro Weighing Method at 2 hour interval since 7:00 am to 21:00 pm in the middle<br />
ten-day period of March, July <strong>and</strong> October. Inter-tree evapo-transpiration of C. korshinskii was<br />
measured with the 50×50×100 ㎝ soil column weighing method .<br />
The study had been conducted to probe into the construction <strong>and</strong> consumptions of plant water <strong>and</strong> soil<br />
water of C. korshinskii shrubbery in the Loess Plateau for as long as twenty one years <strong>and</strong> its results<br />
showed that under the adverse environment of drought, C. korshinskii could improve its<br />
drought-resistence capacity by regulating its own internal water balance due to long-term water stress,<br />
<strong>and</strong> its transpiration rate appeared to vary in a single-peak curve in different parts of same slopes; the<br />
single peak occurred at 13.00 on upper slope <strong>and</strong> middle slope <strong>and</strong> on lower slope at 14.00~15.00,<br />
indicating no “midday depression”. Thus, C. korshinskii is a plant without midday depression in<br />
transpiration; during its growing season, the rainfall was 416.6 mm, the transpiration water<br />
consumption was 239.22 mm <strong>and</strong> the inter-tree water consumption was 134.13 mm, which indicated<br />
that the compensation through rainfall was 43.25 mm in the corresponding period. In the same period,<br />
* Corresponding author, Jimin Cheng, E-mail: gyzcjm@ms.iswc.ac.cn<br />
28
the transpiration water consumption accounted for 57.42% of the rainfall, the inter-tree<br />
evapo-transpiration accounted for 32.2% of the rainfall; in the 21 year old C. korshinskii shrubbery ,<br />
the available storage capacity of soil water was 657.8 mm in 0-800 cm soil <strong>and</strong> the ecological use of<br />
water was 1031.15 mm , so that the water shortage amounted to as high as 614.55 mm; During the<br />
mid-age stage of C. korshinskii, the shortage of water gradually exp<strong>and</strong>ed downward <strong>and</strong> thick dry<br />
soil layer occurred; after C. korshinskii enters into its old stage, dry soil layer became thickened, most<br />
of its plants became senescent <strong>and</strong> fell into downfall so that their death rate reached 75.8%, <strong>and</strong><br />
permanent dry soil layer formed so that the soil moisture could not easily recover in a short time.<br />
keywords: C. korshinskii, Loess Plateau, soil moisture, transpiration<br />
Embedding dapeng regions as a state multiple ecosystem symbiosis<br />
special zone (SMESZ) in China’s pearl delta ecosystems<br />
Yajie Song 1, 2,* Haibao Yu2, 3,* Hui Zhou4 Youcai Xiong5 Huili Cheng6 Lihua Tian7 Yaling Lu8 Fenmin Li5<br />
1 School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA<br />
2 Yale-Nanjing University of Information Science <strong>and</strong> Technology (UNIST) Urban Resources <strong>and</strong> Environment<br />
Initiative, Nanjing 210044, China<br />
3 School of Environmental Science <strong>and</strong> Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science <strong>and</strong> Technology<br />
(UNIST), Nanjing 210044, China<br />
4 School of Economics & <strong>Management</strong>, Tianjin University, Tianjin 10000, China<br />
5 School of Life Science & Arid Agriculture Laboratory, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 73000, China<br />
6 Shenzhen Government Investment Project Evaluation Center, Gongjiao Building, Lianhua Road, Shenzhen 518036,<br />
China<br />
7 Shenzhen Green Committee, 3009 Xinzhou Road, Shenzhen 518048, China<br />
8 School of Urban & Resources, Peking University, Peking 10000, China<br />
Abstract: Embedding Dapeng Pinusual as a state multiple ecosystem symbiosis special zone <strong>and</strong><br />
experimental region of the critical eastern Pearl Delta in South China will greatly intensify its urban<br />
environmental crisis management (UECM) <strong>and</strong> regional ecosystem stability <strong>and</strong> safety (RESS). This<br />
envisioning assumption, which is underlying this region’s symbioses of environmental- friendliness<br />
industries <strong>and</strong> cleaning energy initiatives, builds a truly ecosystems of social, economic <strong>and</strong> resource<br />
environments in harmony which is to set up a regional ecosystem of sustainability with local practices<br />
with global significance. This critical assumption adopts the perspectives of ecosystem integration,<br />
of this vital urban regions including Shenzhen, Hong Kong <strong>and</strong> Huizhou of the eastern Pearl Delta, the<br />
evolution ecology of historical, political <strong>and</strong> economic aspects., as well as greater concerns <strong>and</strong><br />
* Corresponding author, Yajie Song, Email: yajie.song@yale.edu<br />
* Corresponding author, Haibao Yu, Email: haibao.yu@yahoo.com.cn<br />
29
expectations by Chinese governments <strong>and</strong> peoples for a new “State-managed Ecological Experiment<br />
Zone” centering in the Dapeng Peninsula of southern Pearl Delta in China.<br />
Keywords: Urban environment, crisis management, regional ecosystems ecosystem stability,<br />
ecosystem sustainability, regional planning, State Special Ecological Zone, China<br />
Biomass production <strong>and</strong> relative competitive ability of two<br />
co-dominant C3 <strong>and</strong> C4 species under water stress in a pot<br />
experiment<br />
Bingcheng Xu1,2,*, Weizhou Xu3, Jin Huang1,2 , Lun Shan1,2 , Fengmin Li4<br />
1,State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion <strong>and</strong> Dryl<strong>and</strong> Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A & F University,<br />
Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China<br />
2,Institute of Soil <strong>and</strong> Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences <strong>and</strong> Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling,<br />
Shaanxi Province 712100, China<br />
3,College of Life Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China<br />
4,MOE Key Laboratory of Arid <strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> Ecology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu<br />
Province 730000, P. R. China.<br />
Abstract :A better underst<strong>and</strong>ing of the growth <strong>and</strong> interspecific competition of native dominant<br />
species under water stress will facilitate the prediction of the community succession <strong>and</strong> to choose<br />
appropriate approaches for conservation <strong>and</strong> artificial use in drought environment. Bothriochloa<br />
ischaemum (C3 perennial herbaceous grass species) <strong>and</strong> Lespedeza davurica (C4 perennial<br />
leguminous subshrub) are two co-dominant species in the semiarid loess hilly-gully region of Loess<br />
Plateau. They are of great importance in reducing soil <strong>and</strong> water loss, <strong>and</strong> maintaining distinctive<br />
natural scenery in the area. Besides as excellent natural pasture species, many agronomic attributes<br />
make them ideal forage grassl<strong>and</strong> species due to high adaptability <strong>and</strong> quality. Underst<strong>and</strong>ing of how<br />
the growth traits of the two species respond to competition under different water availability will<br />
advance our knowledge on their co-existence mechanisms, predicting their potential role in structuring<br />
natural plant communities, <strong>and</strong> use in artificial grassl<strong>and</strong> construction. In this paper, one pot<br />
experiment was conducted using replacement series design in which B. ischaemum <strong>and</strong> L. davurica<br />
were grown with twelve plants per pot, in seven combinations of the two species (12:0, 10:2, 8:4, 6:6,<br />
4:8, 2:10, <strong>and</strong> 0:12). Three levels of water treatments included sufficient water supply (HW,<br />
80%±5%FC), moderate water stress (MW, 60%±5%FC) <strong>and</strong> severe water stress (LW, 40%±5%FC)<br />
were applied after seedling establishment till the end of the experiment. Biomass production <strong>and</strong> its<br />
* Corresponding author, Bingcheng Xu ,Tel: +86-29-87016571; Fax: +86-29-87012210, Email:<br />
Bcxu@ms.iswc.ac.cn<br />
30
partitioning, <strong>and</strong> transpiration water use efficiency (TWUE) were determined at the end of the<br />
experiment. Interspecific competitive indices (competitive ratio (CR), aggressivity (A) <strong>and</strong> relative<br />
yield total (RYT)) were calculated from the biomass dry weight data for shoots, roots <strong>and</strong> total<br />
biomass. The response of the species to the presence of each other at different proportion was<br />
compared <strong>and</strong> evaluated at the three levels of soil moisture. Results showed that water stress<br />
decreased biomass production of both species in monoculture <strong>and</strong> mixture. B. ischaemum was more<br />
sensitive to water deficit in biomass production. The growth of L. davurica was restrained in their<br />
mixtures under each water treatment. B. ischaemum had significantly (P
knowledge of the mechanism of marine ecosystem <strong>and</strong> feedback. The author has pointed out that the<br />
basic productivity of the ocean is the reproductive capacity of phytoplankton <strong>and</strong> put forward the new<br />
ideas, the new path of bringing the northern dust into the regional ocean governance to achieve the<br />
symbiotic linkage of dust, waters, <strong>and</strong> ecology <strong>and</strong> construct an environment-friendly <strong>and</strong> sustainable<br />
development road.<br />
Keywords: s<strong>and</strong>storm; Long-range transport; marine ecosystem; Northern China.<br />
The effect of ecological management in the upper reaches of Heihe<br />
River<br />
Juan Wu*<br />
College of Business Administration, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People’s Republic of China.<br />
Abstract:<br />
Heihe River bred the prosperity <strong>and</strong> the civilization in the river basin by its broad heart. Once Heihe<br />
River is the 〝life river〞 <strong>and</strong>〝mother river〞of various national people who live here from<br />
generation to generation. However influenced by the global climatic change <strong>and</strong> human activities, the<br />
natural ecological environment of Heihe River basin has encountered the serious destruction.<br />
Furthermore, in order to realize the social economy sustainable development of the entire river basin,<br />
it’s important to clear about attaching importance to Heihe river basin, specially the ecological<br />
environmental management in the upper reaches.<br />
The ecological e<br />
nvironment in the upper reaches of a river is the key to the protection in a whole watershed. The major<br />
problems existing in the upper reaches of Heihe River are given as follow:<br />
(1) Because of unauthorized deforestation, the area of the forest decreases severely. The function of<br />
water conservation forest declines.<br />
(2) Rodent disaster indulging in willful persecution aggravates the damage to the grassl<strong>and</strong>. At the<br />
same time, water <strong>and</strong> soil run away frequently.<br />
(3) Overgrazing in winter <strong>and</strong> spring leads to the grassl<strong>and</strong> deterioration severely. The regenerative<br />
ability of pasture grass descends, so grassl<strong>and</strong> emerges desertification.<br />
Faced with the problems mentioned above, Chinese government adopt measures including enclosing<br />
meadow l<strong>and</strong>, enclosing natural forest, <strong>and</strong> afforestation to increase the water conservation ability in<br />
the upper reaches <strong>and</strong> control the ecology deterioration. After 3 year’s ecological management, it’s<br />
necessary to evaluate the effect of the ecological management to the ecology of Heihe River Basin.<br />
The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of the ecological management in the upper<br />
reaches of Heihe River. This study could provide basic support for the synthesized management in the<br />
whole Heihe River watershed in the future <strong>and</strong> provide the essential basis for water resource<br />
* Corresponding author, Juan Wu, Email: baihewj@126.com, Phone: +86-0571-13656690537<br />
32
protection. As Heihe River is a typical inl<strong>and</strong> river, this study could provide consultation for the<br />
synthesized management of other inl<strong>and</strong> rivers. At the same time, this study could make various<br />
circles underst<strong>and</strong> the actual process of ecological management in the upper reaches of Heihe River<br />
objectively, <strong>and</strong> absorb the useful experience from this ecological project.<br />
The upper reaches of Heihe River include two main administrative divisions which are Qilian county<br />
in Qinghai Province <strong>and</strong> Sunan county in Gansu Province. In order to evaluate the ecological<br />
environment effect in the upper reaches of Heihe River after ecological management, authors<br />
investigated <strong>and</strong> surveyed the two counties on the spot in 2006. The following investigation situation<br />
of two districts is introduced, respectively. Ecological management projects include enclosing<br />
meadow l<strong>and</strong>, enclosing natural forest, <strong>and</strong> afforestation. The research areas are selected in the Heihe<br />
River mainstream <strong>and</strong> the upper <strong>and</strong> middle reaches of Liyuan River. Regarding above two region’s<br />
investigation, this paper adopts field sampling <strong>and</strong> gauging on the spot. Although precision of this<br />
method is not very high, field sampling <strong>and</strong> gauging on the spot can reflect objectively the influence<br />
of 3 year’s ecology management on the upper reaches of Heihe River.<br />
Enclosing natural forests <strong>and</strong> afforestation are effective measures to conserve water <strong>and</strong> soil. The<br />
function of water conservation <strong>and</strong> reducing s<strong>and</strong> displays in two aspects. Firstly, projects of<br />
afforestation <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong> preparation change the partial terrain, reduce the soil erosion amount. Secondly,<br />
all kinds of vegetation covering the l<strong>and</strong> surface reduces or avoids the rainwater’s erosion to soil, <strong>and</strong><br />
then strengthens the ability of the soil-anti-infiltration. Simultaneously, it reduces the silt of<br />
downstream reservoir, saves massive labor forces <strong>and</strong> the funds, <strong>and</strong> also reduces the flood harm to<br />
the middle <strong>and</strong> lower reaches river. The implementation of enclosing natural forests <strong>and</strong> afforestation<br />
can prohibit the humanity from cutting down the trees <strong>and</strong> the domestic animals gnawing sapling,<br />
which is advantageous to the natural forests’ growth <strong>and</strong> the renewal. Moreover, because enclosing<br />
natural forests <strong>and</strong> afforestation can restore the forest vegetation, it will increase the humus content of<br />
soil surface layer, enhance the soil fertility, <strong>and</strong> is advantageous to the vegetation's growth with<br />
deadwood <strong>and</strong> fallen leaf accumulating rottenly. Simultaneously, the forest has the function of<br />
controlling the runoff, so it will weaken the flood harm. Moreover, the increase of forest coverage rate<br />
improves the habitat environment for the wild animal <strong>and</strong> is advantageous to wild animal's growth <strong>and</strong><br />
breeding.<br />
Lawn l<strong>and</strong> is the material basis concerning the survival <strong>and</strong> development of herdsman. The sustainable<br />
utilization of pastures is one of basic essential factors for the economy development of pastoral area,<br />
<strong>and</strong> the herdsman’s prosperous life. Enclosing the lawn l<strong>and</strong> can reduces the domestic animal’s<br />
excessive gnawing <strong>and</strong> tramples to the forage grass. Enclosing the lawn l<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> prohibiting grazing<br />
enable the lawn to obtain the reasonable restoration, vegetation degree of coverage to increase lawn.<br />
The ecological management project has obtained remarkable ecology effect. Compared the pasture in<br />
enclosure with the pasture outside enclosure, the yield of grass of pasture in enclosure has been<br />
enhanced greatly. At the same time, the mean height, <strong>and</strong> degree of grass cover <strong>and</strong> so on. The<br />
ecological management project has certain function to the restoration of the water conservation ability<br />
in the upper reaches of Heihe River. The water conservation ability has strengthened unceasingly, so<br />
the ecological environment has obtained the effective improvement.<br />
33
Keywords: The upper reaches of Heihe River,Ecological management,Evaluation,Enclosing<br />
meadow l<strong>and</strong>,Enclosing natural forest,Afforestation<br />
Application of MTCLIM model <strong>and</strong> its evaluation in Northeast<br />
China<br />
Zhen Sui1,2,*, Yuehui Li1, Hong S. He1, Yuanman Hu1<br />
1, Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China<br />
2, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, GUCAS Beijing, China<br />
Abstract:In this paper, MTCLIM model is used by examining two climate variables driven by<br />
atmospheric dynamics: solar radiation <strong>and</strong> humidity expressed as vapor pressure deficit VPD, to<br />
explore the prediction capability in Northeast China. The result indicated a good similarity between<br />
observed data <strong>and</strong> simulated outputs. For the t-test analysis, we can conclude that the MTCLIM model<br />
can accurately simulate VPD, but fail to simulate solar radiation. To evaluate the model efficiency, we<br />
obtained coefficients of determination (R2) between predicted <strong>and</strong> observed daily condition in Mohe<br />
meteorological station located in Northeast China are 0.56 <strong>and</strong> 0.80, respectively. Statistic criteria is<br />
VPD , RMSE = 433.94 Pa with ME =0.49, as well as solar radiation, RMSE = 4.80 MJ/m2 with ME =<br />
0.68. In sum, we can conclude that MTCLIM is a useful tool for estimating VPD <strong>and</strong> solar radiation<br />
with good accuracy if minimum <strong>and</strong> maximum temperature <strong>and</strong> rainfall data are available. These<br />
result also suggests that MTCLIM may be helpful to provide the climatology that many ecological,<br />
hydrological <strong>and</strong> physiological models require, particularly for large scale modeling applications<br />
where meteorology may not be accessible.<br />
Keywords: MTCLIM; VPD; solar radiation; application; evaluation<br />
A research of marine industry management based on ecosystem<br />
Cui Wang-Lai1,*,Yan Li-Na2<br />
1 School of <strong>Management</strong>, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China<br />
2 School of Politics Administration , Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China<br />
Abstract :The effect of marine industry on marine ecosystem has attracted extensive attention from<br />
international society. With a view to the management for ecosystem has become the development<br />
trend of marine industry management, this article analyzes the effect of marine industry on marine<br />
ecosystem including excess fishing’s directly leading the decrease <strong>and</strong> extinction of population,<br />
marine pollution’s leading deterioration of specie inhabitation environment, sea-closure <strong>and</strong> filling<br />
engineering’s leading the damage of marine ecosystem <strong>and</strong> etc; the article shows the law framework,<br />
international organizations relevant countries’ practice <strong>and</strong> main measures of international ecosystem<br />
of marine industry management <strong>and</strong> points out China’s problem in this aspect. This article draws the<br />
path of how does China’s marine industry management to apply ecosystem approach with foresighted<br />
* Corresponding author, Zhen Sui, Email: Suiz521@163.com<br />
34
thinking manner from the visual angle of state’s development strategy. This path is: enhance the basis<br />
scientific research of marine ecosystem; deploy the rehabilitation work research of marine ecosystem;<br />
establish <strong>and</strong> perfect the basic framework of relevant law system <strong>and</strong> establish citizens’ participation<br />
system of marine ecology protection.<br />
Keywords: marine industry; marine ecosystem; ecosystem approach<br />
Study on transpiration <strong>and</strong> water consumption of maize within a<br />
windbreak in Hexi Corridor oasis, northwestern China<br />
Songshuang Ding, Peixi Su*, Tingting Xie, Song Gao, Qiaodi Yan<br />
Linze Inl<strong>and</strong> River Basin Research Station, Plant Stress Ecophysiology <strong>and</strong> Biotechnology Laboratory, Cold <strong>and</strong> Arid<br />
Regions Environmental <strong>and</strong> Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000 China<br />
Abstract<br />
In agricultural production, using water status of crops as irrigation basis is much more reliable than<br />
soil water status. Transpiration, which is affected by the characteristics of plant itself <strong>and</strong><br />
environmental factors, is the main pathway of plant water loss. So, researches on crop transpiration<br />
water consumption can provide a theoretical basis for agricultural production, particularly for<br />
irrigation agriculture development in arid <strong>and</strong> semi-arid areas. And also, it is an important basis for the<br />
optimizing configuration of windbreak systems. Hexi Corridor oasis is an important agricultural base<br />
in China, <strong>and</strong> it is also a typical example for oasis ecological economy development of arid region.<br />
Farml<strong>and</strong> windbreak, mainly consisted by poplar trees (Populus sp.), is emerging the important role in<br />
protecting the 21.29 million ha of farml<strong>and</strong>, 63.3% of all the irrigated area in Hexi, to some extent<br />
weakened the impact of severe weather. Transpiration characteristics <strong>and</strong> water use efficiency of crops<br />
within windbreak is an important measure to determine crop water productivity <strong>and</strong> ecological<br />
benefits of the windbreak. In view of these, we studied the characteristics of transpiration water<br />
consumption of maize within a representative poplar windbreak in Linze oasis in the middle of Hexi<br />
Corridor using Li-6400 portable gas exchange system, objective was to provide theoretical <strong>and</strong><br />
practical basis for water-saving agriculture developing <strong>and</strong> the optimal configuration of windbreak in<br />
arid regions.<br />
The study was conducted at desert oasis (39°20′ N, 100°07′ E) of Linze County in the middle of the<br />
Hexi Corridor region in Gansu Province, northwestern China. In 2008, a Poplar-maize system of 1 ha<br />
was established by two rows of 10-year-old Poplar trees (Populus gansuensis C. Wang et H. L. Yang)<br />
with a north-south direction at spacing of 2 m between trees along the row, <strong>and</strong> 50 m between the<br />
rows, which we named as 50 m Poplar-maize system. Seed sowing of maize was on 1st May <strong>and</strong> the<br />
seeds began to emergence about 7 days later. Maize plants reached flowering stage on 5th July<br />
(DAP65, DAP-abbreviation of Days after Planting), grain-filling stage on 20th July (DAP80) <strong>and</strong><br />
maturing on 20th September (DAP142). The study area comprised a r<strong>and</strong>omized complete block<br />
* Corresponding author, Peixi Su, Email: supx@lzb.ac.cn<br />
35
design with three replicate blocks, each consisting of thirteen sampling locations (E1, E5, E9, E13,<br />
E17, E21, M, W1, W5, W9, W13, W17, W21) for measurement, which were divided into five<br />
treatments depending on the light levels received. The five experimental treatments were E-S, E-NS,<br />
M, W-NS, <strong>and</strong> W-S, while E-S <strong>and</strong> W-S were shading regions at afternoon <strong>and</strong> morning, respectively,<br />
E-NS <strong>and</strong> W-NS were non-shading regions <strong>and</strong> M was the middle position between tree rows which<br />
was a non-shading region too. A series of parameters, such as leaf area (AL), transpiration rate (E),<br />
stomatal conductance (Gs) <strong>and</strong> microclimate characteristics were carried out at all the 39 locations<br />
within the system. And finally, transpiration water consumption of single maize plant was calculated<br />
based on E <strong>and</strong> AL.<br />
Results of E diurnal changes (8:00-18:00) of maize showed that, windbreak had different influences<br />
on maize transpiration at different growth period. The E values of maize at the western shading<br />
regions were lower at seeding <strong>and</strong> flowering stage, <strong>and</strong> had no significant differences with<br />
non-shading regions at other growth periods. The E values of maize at eastern shading regions were<br />
lower at flowering stage, <strong>and</strong> had no significantly differences at other growth periods. The E values of<br />
maize at filling stage had no significantly differences at different regions within windbreak. Otherwise,<br />
variance analysis showed that there was significant difference in maize E value between seedling<br />
stage <strong>and</strong> filling stage (p
transpiration water consumption in the windbreak in a "more in eastern regions <strong>and</strong> less in western<br />
regions, more in non-shading regions <strong>and</strong> less in shading regions" variation.<br />
Keywords: Oasis; Windbreak; Maize; Transpiration water consumption; Leaf area<br />
Fertilizer use efficiency <strong>and</strong> soil quality response to application of<br />
fertilizer <strong>and</strong> manure of newly built terraces on the semi-arid Loess<br />
Plateau of China<br />
Chang An Liu1, Shi Ling Lin, Rong He Zhang1, Li Min Zhou1, Feng Min Li1, *<br />
1 MOE Key Laboratory of Arid <strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu<br />
Province 730000, PR China<br />
Abstract:Terracing is an effective method for developing agriculture, decreasing soil erosion <strong>and</strong><br />
increasing soil C in the region characterized by a hilly l<strong>and</strong>scape <strong>and</strong> limited soil resources. This paper<br />
determined the effects of fertilization on soil water content, fertilizer use efficiency <strong>and</strong> soil quality in<br />
newly built terraces on the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China. Pea, spring wheat, <strong>and</strong> potato grown on<br />
terraces established in May 2002 were subjected to four regimes involving chemical fertilizers <strong>and</strong>/or<br />
manure from August 2003 onwards: (1) control treatment with no fertilizer (CK), (2) nitrogen <strong>and</strong><br />
phosphorus (NP), (3) manure (M), <strong>and</strong> (4) manure, nitrogen <strong>and</strong> phosphorus (MNP). After 6 years,<br />
soil water in the upper 200 cm soil layer in MNP <strong>and</strong> M was kept in balance, while significant soil<br />
water depletion reached 140 cm soil layer in CK <strong>and</strong> NP compared to their values before sowing in<br />
2004. During the 6-year study, N agronomic efficiency was significantly higher in NP than in MNP<br />
<strong>and</strong> M; P agronomic efficiency was significantly higher in MNP than these in NP <strong>and</strong> M. Soil organic<br />
carbon (SOC) <strong>and</strong> soil total nitrogen (TN) <strong>and</strong> built up fast in manure treatments, <strong>and</strong> applying<br />
fertilizer alone can not be beneficial to increase SOC <strong>and</strong> TN in the short term, it is not the lack of P<br />
reserves in all treatments when the experiment was started. At the end of our 6-year experiment, the<br />
C/N ratios in MNP <strong>and</strong> M were significantly higher than those in other treatments. The ratio of soil<br />
available P to soil total P (AP/TP) <strong>and</strong> microbial carbon (MBC) content were significantly higher in<br />
MNP than in any other treatment from the second year. A significant positive correlation was found<br />
between MBC <strong>and</strong> MN (R = 0.85; P
terraces; Semiarid Loess Plateau.<br />
Effects of plastic film mulch on soil microbial biomass C <strong>and</strong> soil<br />
fertility in the semiarid Loess Plateau of China<br />
Li-Min Zhou1, Feng-Min Li1, *, Sheng-Li Jin2<br />
1 Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Arid <strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> Ecology, School of Life<br />
Sciences, Lanzhou University, Gansu Province, 730000 China<br />
2 Agriculture Extension Service Center of Yuzhong City, Yuzhong 730100<br />
Abstract:Different mulching patterns were proved to be an effective agricultural practice in semiarid<br />
areas to improve soil moisture, soil temperature <strong>and</strong> increase maize productivity greatly. To examine<br />
the effects of these yield-increasing technologies on soil microbial biomass C <strong>and</strong> soil quality. A study<br />
was conducted on the semiarid Loess Plateau of China. In 2006, three treatments were used: (1) maize<br />
sown in a flat plot without mulch (check, CK); (2) maize sown in a ridged plot mulched with plastic<br />
film: the plastic mulch covered two ridges <strong>and</strong> furrows, the two ridges were each 80 cm <strong>and</strong> 40 cm<br />
wide <strong>and</strong> the maize was planted in the furrow between the two ridges (DRM); (3) the maize was sown<br />
in a ridged plot of alternating ridges <strong>and</strong> furrows, the width of the ridge <strong>and</strong> furrow were 70 cm <strong>and</strong> 30<br />
cm, only the ridge was mulched with plastic film, <strong>and</strong> two rows of maize were planted on the ridge<br />
(RM). Two additional treatments were tested in 2007: (4) maize planted without ridges in double rows<br />
100 cm apart in the centre of 70 cm of mulched plastic <strong>and</strong> 30 cm of bare soil between the rows (NM);<br />
(5) maize planted without ridges in double rows 80 cm apart <strong>and</strong> the whole plot mulched with plastic<br />
film (WM). Film mulching in semiarid agricultural system promoted MBC significantly in two years,<br />
<strong>and</strong> decreased SOC <strong>and</strong> LFOC in soil. Significant negative correlation of MBC was found with SOC,<br />
LFOC <strong>and</strong> MN, <strong>and</strong> there was a positive correlation between MBC <strong>and</strong> AP. MBC <strong>and</strong> C/P ratio were<br />
significantly higher in DRM than in the other regimes. SOC, MN, C/N in DRM was lowest. Although<br />
DRM improve topsoil moisture, soil temperature <strong>and</strong> maize yield greatly, this pattern would be<br />
harmful to soil quality. And there may be a negative feedback between soil nutrients <strong>and</strong> maize yield<br />
in DRM.<br />
Keywords: plastic film mulch; soil microbial; biomass C; soil fertility<br />
* Corresponding author: Feng-Min Li, Email address: fmli@lzu.edu.cn<br />
38
Developing low-carbon-footprint cropping systems for semiarid<br />
areas<br />
Yantai Gan1,*, Chang Liang2, Chantal Hamel1, Herb Cutforth1 <strong>and</strong> Hong Wang1<br />
1Agriculture <strong>and</strong> Agri-Food Canada, Semiarid Prairie <strong>Agricultural</strong> Research Centre, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, S9H<br />
3X2, Canada; 2Environment Canada, Greenhouse Gas Emission Division, 19th floor, 351 Blvd St-Joseph, Gatineau,<br />
Québec K1A 0H3, Canada;<br />
Abstract:Carbon footprint is defined as the amount of greenhouse gas emissions associated with a<br />
product or a service, expressed in carbon dioxide equivalence (CO2e). There is an increasing dem<strong>and</strong><br />
for carbon footprint labeling of farm products. This paper compared carbon footprints of seven field<br />
crops grown on the semiarid Canadian Prairies <strong>and</strong> determined the carbon footprint of a durum wheat<br />
grown in various cropping systems. The values of carbon footprints were estimated based on<br />
emissions from the decomposition of crop straw, roots <strong>and</strong> seeds; the manufacture of N <strong>and</strong> P<br />
fertilizers <strong>and</strong> their application; the production of herbicides <strong>and</strong> fungicides; <strong>and</strong> miscellaneous farm<br />
field operations including planting, tillage, spray of pesticides, <strong>and</strong> harvest of the crops. Carbon<br />
footprint calculations showed that the production <strong>and</strong> application of N fertilizers accounted for about<br />
57 to 65% of the total footprints, those from crop residue decomposition 16 to 30%, <strong>and</strong> the rest of the<br />
carbon footprints were associated with P fertilizers, pesticides, <strong>and</strong> field operations. One kg of crop<br />
product requires 0.7 kg CO2e for canola (Brassica napus L.), 0.4~0.6 kg CO2e for mustard (Brassica<br />
juncea L.), flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.), <strong>and</strong> spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), <strong>and</strong><br />
0.17~0.26 kg CO2e for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris), <strong>and</strong> dry pea (Pisum<br />
sativum L.). Durum crop preceded by a pulse crop produced grains with a carbon footprint of 673 kg<br />
CO2e, 20% lower than when the crop was preceded by a cereal crop. Similarly, carbon footprint of<br />
durum preceded by an oilseed was 744 kg CO2e, 11% lower than when after a cereal. Carbon<br />
footprint intensity was 0.25 <strong>and</strong> 0.28 kg CO2e per kg of the grain of durum grown, respectively, after<br />
a pulse <strong>and</strong> oilseed crop, which was signif6icantly lower than 0.37 for the crop grown after a cereal.<br />
Carbon footprint of field crops grown in semiarid areas can be significantly influenced by crop<br />
choices <strong>and</strong> crop sequences. The values of footprints can be reduced by adapting improved cultural<br />
strategies, including (i) diversifying cropping systems <strong>and</strong> minimizing monoculture; (ii) including<br />
annual pulse crops to reduce the input of synthetic N fertilizers; (iii) improving nutrient use efficiency<br />
through use of biotechnologies valorizing soil microbial resources; (iv) adopting direct-seeding<br />
technology to reduce energy input in crop production; <strong>and</strong> (v) improving crop residue management for<br />
maximizing carbon sequestration.<br />
* Corresponding author: Yantai Gan, Email: yantai.gan@agr.gc.ca<br />
39
Research on total phosphorus removal from sewage by subsurface<br />
flow constructed wetl<strong>and</strong>s<br />
Li Li*,WANG Quan-jin<br />
College of Economic & <strong>Management</strong>, Sichuan <strong>Agricultural</strong> University, Ya’an, 625014<br />
Abstract:Phosphorus was the main induction factor of water eutrophication. The system of<br />
subsurface flow constructed wetl<strong>and</strong>s was established. In terms of the authors’ test, it adopted<br />
potassium persulfate oxidation-molybdenum-antimony anti spectrophotometric method, with HATH<br />
spectrophotometer. Based on such factors as hydraulic loading rate, plants selection, pollution loading<br />
rate, seasonal variation influence, the experiment analyzed the effect of total phosphorus removal,<br />
Results indicated the four factors had significantly effect for total phosphorus removal rate. As<br />
hydraulic retention time was one to seven days, removal rate of the total phosphorus was 30 to 95.75<br />
percent. As hydraulic retention time was five days, effluent of total phosphorus was superior to A<br />
(0.5mg/L) criteria specified in GB 18918-2002. Logarithmic equation could fit the relationship<br />
between total phosphorus removal loading <strong>and</strong> hydraulic retention time well, With hydraulic retention<br />
time increasing, removal rate became decreasing, While removal amount was not rising continuously.<br />
It concluded from logarithmic equation that when hydraulic retention time was nine days, total<br />
removal amount (removal rate) became decreasing. The removal rates order of four plants was<br />
Zizania、Canna、Cyperus alternifolius <strong>and</strong> Coix lacryma-jobi. Removal loading of total phosphorus<br />
increases with pollution loading increasing <strong>and</strong> total phosphorus removal loading was liner with<br />
pollution loading, removal rate in summer was better than in winner, but there was good removal rate<br />
in winner.<br />
Evaluation of water resources for their sustainable utilization in<br />
Manas River basin<br />
Yang Guang1, 2, Li Junfeng1, 2,* , He Xinlin1, 2, Jia Xiaojuan1, 2<br />
1 College of Water Conservancy & Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University Shihezi, China,832000;<br />
2 Xinjiang Production & Construction Group Key Laboratory of Modern Water-Saving Irrigation, Shihezi, China,<br />
832000<br />
Abstract:Water shortage restricts the water resources sustainable development in the Manas River<br />
basin, so the evaluation of sustainable development is crucial to the social development. This article<br />
from the water, social, economic, ecological environment subsystems, set up the evaluation model<br />
through combination of entropy theory <strong>and</strong> projection pursuit; evaluate the sustainable development of<br />
water resources. The Evaluation results show that water resources sustainable development tends to<br />
benign trend. The evaluation method is reliable <strong>and</strong> reasonable. The evaluation results can afford<br />
scientific basis for water resources sustainable development <strong>and</strong> it is proved that EV-PP model is<br />
* Corresponding author: Li Li, sunmiy@yahoo.com.cn<br />
* Corresponding author: Li Junfeng, Email: mikeyork@163.com.<br />
40
effective new method. Finally, the article bring forwards suggestions to improve the water resources<br />
sustainable development. It can provide decision-making for water resources sustainable utilization.<br />
The main conclusions as follows:<br />
(1) This article mainly considered the water resources relatively single in arid inl<strong>and</strong> river basin <strong>and</strong><br />
according the system thinking as the instruction, put forward four sub-systems of water resources<br />
condition, social, the economical <strong>and</strong> the ecological environment <strong>and</strong> fourteen evaluating indicators to<br />
compose the water resources sustainable evaluation index system.<br />
(2) In the evaluation method, this article combined the entropy value <strong>and</strong> the projection pursuit,<br />
obtained the water resources sustainable development condition. The results showed that the trend of<br />
water resources sustainable potential is benign. The basin water resources sustainable utilization level<br />
is bad slightly <strong>and</strong> the water resources potential was small. Along with water saving irrigation practice<br />
<strong>and</strong> industrial structure redressal, the water resources sustainable development level had the change<br />
for the better in 2010 <strong>and</strong> 2020.<br />
(3) The example analysis indicated that this model is reliable <strong>and</strong> the analysis result is reasonable. The<br />
results can analysis the subject matter in water resources development <strong>and</strong> it can provide the scientific<br />
basis for the water resources sustainable development. It is a new method to evaluate the water<br />
resources sustainable level.<br />
(4) The water resources condition is the most important factor to affect water resources sustainable<br />
level in the basin. In order to achieve the water resources sustainable target, we suggested some advice<br />
as follows: The basin should pay great attention to the water resources depth development from now<br />
on, reduces the agricultural water, develop water-preservation industry, implement water saving<br />
irrigation, advocated micro-salty water as resources <strong>and</strong> increases the new water source. Through<br />
these measure's further implementation, the contradictory of water resources supply <strong>and</strong> dem<strong>and</strong> will<br />
alleviate enormously <strong>and</strong> the water resources sustainable utilization level will be improved.<br />
Keywords: EV-PP model; evaluation index; sustainable utilization; Manas River basin<br />
Model-based estimation of the canopy transpiration of Qinghai<br />
spruce (Picea crassifolia) forest in the Qilian Mountains<br />
Tian Fengxia1, 2, Zhao Chuanyan3,∗, Feng Zhaodong1<br />
1 MOE Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China<br />
2 Research School of Arid Environment <strong>and</strong> <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong>, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China<br />
3 MOE Key Laboratory of Arid <strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China<br />
Abstract: The canopy transpiration of forests is one of the most important components in the water<br />
balance <strong>and</strong> it is nevertheless the least-understood component primarily because observational data are<br />
unavailable. Modeling thus remains to be an effective tool in estimating the canopy transpiration of<br />
forests. Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) forest plays an important role in regulating the water<br />
balance in the Qilian Mountains through its effects on different hydrological components (including<br />
rainfall interception, canopy transpiration, <strong>and</strong> soil infiltration) <strong>and</strong> again the canopy transpiration of<br />
∗ Corresponding author: ZHAO Chuanyan3, Email: nanzhr@lzb.ac.cn<br />
41
the forest is the least-understood component. This study aims at estimating the canopy transpiration of<br />
Qinghai spruce forest of the Qilian Mountains based on the meteorological <strong>and</strong> the energy influx data<br />
observed at Guantan Forest Station (100°15′0.8″ E,38°32′1.3″ N) within the Qilian Mountains.<br />
Specifically, this study simulated the canopy transpiration of the Qinghai spruce forest during the<br />
growing season of 2008 using an improved Penman-Monteith equation <strong>and</strong> the univariate sensitivity<br />
analysis was performed to test the sensitivity of variables affecting the canopy transpiration. The<br />
results indicate that the total transpiration of Qinghai spruce forest in the growing season (from May<br />
to September) of 2008 is 148.8 mm <strong>and</strong> the daily canopy transpiration rate ranges between 0.016 <strong>and</strong><br />
2.19 mm with a mean daily transpiration rate is 0.97 mm at the research station. The highest monthly<br />
canopy transpiration occurs in June (37.9 mm) <strong>and</strong> the lowest in September (17.3 mm). The modeled<br />
daily canopy transpiration starts to increase at the beginning of May <strong>and</strong> returns to its minimal value<br />
towards the end of the growing season. It is noticeable that the daily canopy transpiration reached its<br />
maximum in the middle of July, but the maximal monthly transpiration occurred in June probably<br />
because of more rainy <strong>and</strong> cloudy days in July that effectively lowered both air temperature <strong>and</strong> solar<br />
radiation, thus lowering the monthly canopy transpiration. Our sensitivity test shows that among the<br />
factors affecting the canopy transpiration, the sequential order of the importance is as follows: net<br />
radiation intercepted by canopy > leaf area index > daily air temperature > wind speed > relative<br />
humidity. Apparently, the net radiation intercepted by canopy <strong>and</strong> the leaf area index are two most<br />
crucial factors <strong>and</strong> thus the accuracy of the simulated results are dictated by the accuracies of these<br />
two datasets. The instrumental error of measuring the net radiation is ±10% in the study. The leaf area<br />
index was obtained from digital hemispherical photograph that is demonstrated the best way to get the<br />
leaf area index in the forest. Again, our sensitivity test shows that ±10% changes in the net radiation<br />
result in a maximal change of ±0.22 mm (±10%) in the daily canopy transpiration rate. The ±10%<br />
changes in the estimated leaf area index can result in a maximal change of 0.16 mm (+7.22%) or -0.15<br />
mm (-6.90%) in the daily canopy transpiration rate. We consider that less than ±10% change in the<br />
estimated daily canopy transpiration resulted from about ±10% change in any of the contributing<br />
factors is acceptable <strong>and</strong> thus the model-based estimation of the daily canopy transpiration is<br />
acceptable.<br />
Keywords: Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) forest ; canopy transpiration; improved<br />
Penman-Monteith equation; univariate sensitivity analysis<br />
The relationship between riparian vegetation of Heihe <strong>and</strong><br />
environmental factors<br />
XuShasha, Sun Guojun, Liu Huiming, Gong Xueping, Haoyuanyuan, ZhangLixun∗<br />
Key Laboratory of Arid <strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> Ecology of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China<br />
Abstract: Riparian zone refers to all the places which are close to rivers, lakes, ponds, wetl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong><br />
other special water resources <strong>and</strong> significant value of area in general. Biological community<br />
composition, structure <strong>and</strong> distribution pattern of riparian zone, as a special environment in a river<br />
∗ Corresponding author: ZhangLixun, Email: zhanglixun@lzu.edu.cn<br />
42
asin, have more obvious differences with the region far from the river. Riparian zone has many<br />
functions such as reducing river pollution, providing wildlife <strong>and</strong> plant ecology <strong>and</strong> improving the<br />
river environment, etc, but it is very sensitive to river changes, is the area most likely to lose<br />
biological diversity. So it has great importance to research distribution of riparian vegetation for<br />
protecting ecological environment <strong>and</strong> evaluating river ecosystem health.<br />
The distribution of riparian vegetation is affected both by terrestrial environment <strong>and</strong> river, so factors<br />
of the distribution of riparian vegetation must be considered from both above, the major impact of the<br />
river on the vegetation is providing nutrients <strong>and</strong> moisture, <strong>and</strong> also vegetation can indicate the<br />
environment well. Environmental interpretation of classification <strong>and</strong> sorting not only compare<br />
objectively <strong>and</strong> quantificationally the distribution pattern of plant communities <strong>and</strong> environmental<br />
information, but also can get the relationship between community type distribution <strong>and</strong> environmental<br />
gradients, which has important ecological significance. But the researches of Heihe River have not be<br />
concerned with the distribution of riparian vegetation , impact of environmental factors <strong>and</strong> vegetation<br />
indicator species of environment.<br />
In this paper, clustering <strong>and</strong> canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) were used to classify <strong>and</strong> sort<br />
riparian vegetation of Heihe River Basin, <strong>and</strong> also vegetation indicator species of environment were<br />
got to discuss the response of riparian vegetation for the environmental impacting, <strong>and</strong> to determine<br />
the vegetation indicator species as specific environmental signal directives<br />
Spatial variation of water requirement for spring wheat in the<br />
middle reaches of Heihe River basin<br />
Wang Yao1, Zhao Chuanyan1,∗, Tian Fengxia2, Wang Chao2<br />
1 Key Laboratory of Arid <strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> Ecology with the Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou<br />
730000, China<br />
2. Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems with the Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University,<br />
Lanzhou 730000, China<br />
Abstract: Sustainability of irrigated agriculture depends primarily on the efficient management of<br />
irrigation water. Underst<strong>and</strong>ing crop evapotranspiration (ETc) is essential in planning the most<br />
effective use of water resources in the arid northwest China. The objective of this study is to map the<br />
spatial distribution of water requirements <strong>and</strong> analyze the relationship between the spatial variation of<br />
water requirement <strong>and</strong> main meteorological factors in the Heihe river basin. First, reference crop<br />
evapotranspiration (ET0) was calculated using Penman-Monteith equation with daily data obtained<br />
from 14 meteorological stations in <strong>and</strong> around the study area. Secondly, the crop coefficients (Kc) of<br />
spring wheat in different growing stages were adjusted according to the investigation data. Finally, we<br />
estimated the spatial distribution <strong>and</strong> variation trend of the water requirement of spring wheat in the<br />
middle reaches of Heihe river basin with the technology of Geographical information system. From<br />
the study, the results can show that the trend of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) gradually increased<br />
from southwest to northwest,the ETc varies from 544 mm to 769 mm during the entire growing<br />
∗ Corresponding author: ZHAO Chuanyan, Email: nanzhr@lzb.ac.cn<br />
43
season. The ETc in Gaotai, Zhangye, Linze, Minle, Sh<strong>and</strong>an, <strong>and</strong> Jiuquan is 631.28, 660.90, 630.02,<br />
682.66, 722.42 <strong>and</strong> 690.88 mm, respectively. The ETc of mid-season stage is the largest percentage<br />
during the entire growing season, accounting for 60.8%、77.5%、62.1%、78.3%、61.5% <strong>and</strong> 67.0% of<br />
total ETc at six meteorological stations, respectively. Temperature <strong>and</strong> Sunshine duration are dominant<br />
meteorological factors influencing on ETc.<br />
Keywords: Crop water requirement; spatial distribution; meteorological factors; the middle reaches<br />
of Heihe river basin<br />
The analysis on the spatial-temporal change of climate aridity in<br />
Xilinguole Grassl<strong>and</strong>s<br />
Haimei Wang 1,2 , Zhenghai Li 2,*,Guodong Han 3, Wu Lan1, Yan Jun1<br />
1. Inner Mongolia Meteorological Institute, Hohhot, 010051<br />
2. Life Science Department, Dalian Nationalities University, Dalian 116600<br />
3. College of Ecology <strong>and</strong> Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia <strong>Agricultural</strong> University, Hohhot 010018<br />
Abstract:During 1980’s, the serious arid area with dryness index below 10 didn’t exist in Xilinguole<br />
League. The dominant climate zone was the moderate arid one which accounted for 40.63% of the<br />
total area, at the same time, wet arid zone made up nearly 20% of its total; Into the 90's, dry <strong>and</strong><br />
moderate arid areas slightly reduced, but wet arid areas increased to 21.58% <strong>and</strong> the drought wet areas<br />
took up 11.90%; The early 21st century, the climate for most parts of Xilinguole League showed a<br />
general tendency with Idm value declining <strong>and</strong> drought degree rising , dry arid zone occupied a<br />
dominant position on the spatial distribution, <strong>and</strong> the original climate pattern with alternate strips was<br />
broken, too. Along with the temporal process, the spatial range of different aridity classes had changed<br />
<strong>and</strong> the changes were particularly notable in the 21st century. Compared with 1980’s, the position of<br />
three aridity contours of 22.5, 25 <strong>and</strong> 30 had shifted westward slightly, respectively moved for 0.27,<br />
0.05 <strong>and</strong> 0.25 longitudes in 1990’s, <strong>and</strong> the displacement for each aridity class was more obvious in<br />
the early 21st century. The position of five aridity contours of 15, 20, 22.5, 25 <strong>and</strong> 30 were shifted<br />
eastward for 1.13, 2.66, 1.81, 0.8 <strong>and</strong> 1.23 longitudes. All of these results showed that the climate in<br />
Xilinguole League had a tendency with aridity degree increased since the beginning of 21st century,<br />
<strong>and</strong> the spatial range for each aridity class took place significant displacement eastward.<br />
Keywords: Xilinguole steppe; <strong>Climate</strong> aridity; Spatial-temporal <strong>Change</strong>; age changes in process<br />
44
The study of the evolution between ecological security pattern <strong>and</strong><br />
agricultural productive force in the Manas River basin for the past<br />
Abstract:<br />
thirty years<br />
Yuejian Wang 1,2,Hailiang Xu 3, Cheng Wang 2, Hongbo Ling 3, Hongling Liu 4, Shaoming Wang4,∗<br />
1.Department of Geography, Shihezi University, Xinjiang Shihezi 832003<br />
2.School of geographical sciences ,southwest university ,Chongqing 400715<br />
3.Xinjiang Institute of Ecology <strong>and</strong> Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011<br />
4.Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecological Agriculture of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Xinjiang Shihezi 832003<br />
It is an important indicator for ecological security to have a healthy ecosystem,its ultimate goal is to<br />
achieve ecosystem health services <strong>and</strong> build sustainable ecological l<strong>and</strong>scape security pattern.<br />
Ecological health is a form for appraising eco-system status, Costanza <strong>and</strong> the descendants think that<br />
st<strong>and</strong>ards of ecosystem health includes energy, organizational ability, resilience, maintenance of<br />
ecosystem services, management options, the reduction of the external input、the influence of<br />
neighboring system <strong>and</strong> human health <strong>and</strong> so on, are total eight aspects, the first three of which are the<br />
most important.<br />
Based on the structure <strong>and</strong> function of ecological system, the basic principle of using ecological health<br />
has important significance for the study on security of ecological system, especially that at present<br />
about ecological security pattern of arid basin <strong>and</strong> evolution relationship of agricultural production is<br />
the hot issue for ecology field research. After decades of large-scale water conservancy <strong>and</strong> irrigation,<br />
the rapid increase in cultivated l<strong>and</strong>, watershed agricultural productivity has been greatly improved for<br />
Manas River basin, but all of which is on the basis of arge-scale water resources development, highly<br />
dependent on water resources development <strong>and</strong> construction for the oasis makes the valley a series of<br />
ecological <strong>and</strong> environmental problems.<br />
Therefore, according to the characteristics of a typical mountain - Oasis - Desert system structure<br />
(MODS) for the Manas River Valley, the basin is divided into four ecological zones, to analyze the<br />
ecological security condition for the four ecological zones in the past 30 years; from the perspective of<br />
ecological health, as amended by the Costanza previous model, this passage studies <strong>and</strong> analyses the<br />
changes in basin as a whole ecological security pattern <strong>and</strong> the evolution relationship between its<br />
change <strong>and</strong> agriculture production development.<br />
Study suggests that: (1) In the past 30 years, the changes are in ecological security evaluation index<br />
value <strong>and</strong> the ecological security status for 4 eco-types: the upstream mountain index value fell 0.13,<br />
from the relatively safe area - warning area; river oasis city zone index value increased 0.09, by the<br />
early warning area - relatively safe areas; River oasis agricultural area index value decreased to 0.19<br />
by the early warning area in the District; downstream desert index value fell 0.14,ecological security<br />
situation continued to decline in the warning range. Expect for the city outside oases, ecological<br />
security condition of mountains upstream, midstream <strong>and</strong> downstream oasis agricultural areas all<br />
∗<br />
Corresponding author: Wang Shao-ming, Email:westwild@vip.sina.com<br />
45
decreased, ecological environment degrades most seriously for middle <strong>and</strong> downstream oasis<br />
agricultural areas. The vigor of river ecosystem, strength <strong>and</strong> resilience index all decreased, energy<br />
index value decreased by 0.14, organizational strength index value decreased by 0.11, resilience index<br />
value decreased 0.17; comprehensive evaluation index for ecological health of basin continued to<br />
decline, the value is up to 0.13,from health - general condition, <strong>and</strong> is close to an unhealthy state,<br />
indicating that in the past 30 years, the degradation of ecological environment for the Manas River<br />
basin is obvious.(2) <strong>Agricultural</strong> productivity of Manas River Valley in the past 30 years has been<br />
greatly improved, but this is at the expense of a large-scale exploitation of water resources <strong>and</strong><br />
destruction of ecological environment. Large-scale cultivation of cotton led to agricultural water<br />
consumption almost reaching 90% of average annual amount of water, owing to long-term<br />
exploitation underground water of oasis edge, the underground water level universally dropped by<br />
more than 10 m, the development of basin water resources has reached the limit; In addition, the<br />
long-term large scale cultivation of single crops, resulting in decline in the quality of l<strong>and</strong>, the soil of<br />
basin agricultural areas appears Watershed District compaction, salinization; with years a large<br />
number of chemical fertilizer, pesticide, agricultural plastic film, causing the white pollution, pests<br />
<strong>and</strong> diseases increasing every year. All of which indicating that the ecological environment has<br />
improved in some areas, overall in the degradation;(3) In the past 30 years, the ecological safety level<br />
of Manas River Valley continued to reduce, the apparent productivity of agriculture has increased, but<br />
the potential decline in productivity, showing that ecological security pattern <strong>and</strong> the evolution of<br />
agricultural productivity are with the same anisotropy. Thus, in the future the Manas River Valley's<br />
economic development should be guided by the wise use of water resources, <strong>and</strong> strictly control the<br />
scale of oasis development, particularly control wastel<strong>and</strong> activities for the edge of desert .<br />
Keywords : Ecological Security Pattern; Eco-types Zones; Manas River Basin; <strong>Agricultural</strong><br />
Productive Force<br />
The vegetation restoration process of degraded woodl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> its<br />
eco-hydrological effects in northern slope of Qilian Mountains,<br />
China<br />
Zhao Chengzhang 1∗, Shi Fuxi 1, Dong Xiaogang1, Sheng Yaping 1 Yang Wenbin2<br />
1 College of Geography <strong>and</strong> Environment Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China;<br />
2 Institute of forestry science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China<br />
Abstract: It has a important practical significance for regional ecosystem function recovery that to<br />
research the possibility <strong>and</strong> position of degraded mountain forest ecological in arid-semiarid region. In<br />
this study, we used special methods of long-term observation <strong>and</strong> sample investigation to research the<br />
restoration process of vegetation community under artificial rearing of the northern slope of Qilian<br />
∗ Corresponding author: ZHAO Chengzhang, Email: zhaocz@nwnu.edu.cn<br />
46
Mountains during 2001-2008, <strong>and</strong> analyzed the soil physico-chemical properties in different stages of<br />
ecological restoration. The results showed that: Vegetation community environment gradually<br />
optimized when the human interference was eliminated, for example, the family, genus <strong>and</strong> species of<br />
plant communities have significantly increased, species frequently replaced. Community vertical<br />
height gradually increased <strong>and</strong> community structure showed supraterraneous stratifiication when trees<br />
<strong>and</strong> shrubs appeared in community. Annual <strong>and</strong> biennial weed(A) <strong>and</strong> Perennial forbs(PF) accounted<br />
for a large proportion in the early stage of the restoration process, then the woody plants gradually<br />
increased in middle-later period. With the restoration time going, the total community diversity<br />
increased, the changes of vegetation community species richness <strong>and</strong> Shannon-wiener index in spatial<br />
structure as follows: Herb layer(HL)>shrub layer(SL)>tree layer(TL), but the tend of Simpson index<br />
was opposite. Soil water content(SWC) increased from 16.1% in early stage to 38.91% in later stage<br />
of the restoration process, Soil organic carbon (SOC) <strong>and</strong> total nitrogen(TN) contents gradually<br />
increased. After grazing prohibition measures, degraded forest l<strong>and</strong> achieved a quick restoration<br />
process: Grass community-Shrub community-Trees community. The community species composition,<br />
structure characteristic <strong>and</strong> diversity were similar to the local mature secondary vegetation, <strong>and</strong><br />
showed a better adaptability <strong>and</strong> recovery effects when recover to the original pioneer community of<br />
mixed forest of shrub-trees.<br />
Keywords: Northern slope of Qilian; Degraded woodl<strong>and</strong>; Vegetation restoration; Community<br />
Succession; Eco-hydrology effects<br />
Analysis of storage, water holding characteristics <strong>and</strong> nutrient<br />
element storages of litter with different Coniferous types in<br />
Xiaolong Mountain forest, Gansu Province<br />
Chang Yajun, Wang Wei, Cheng Qi, Cao Jing∗, Lu Haiyan<br />
Key Laboratory of Arid <strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> Ecology,School of Life Science,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000<br />
Abstract: In agricultural production, using water status of crops as irrigation basis is much more<br />
reliable than soil water status. Transpiration, which is affected by the characteristics of plant itself <strong>and</strong><br />
environmental factors, is the main pathway of plant water loss. So, researches on crop transpiration<br />
water consumption can provide a theoretical basis for agricultural production, particularly for irrigation<br />
agriculture development in arid <strong>and</strong> semi-arid areas. And also, it is an important basis for the<br />
optimizing configuration of windbreak systems. Hexi Corridor oasis is an important agricultural base<br />
in China, <strong>and</strong> it is also a typical example for oasis ecological economy development of arid region.<br />
Farml<strong>and</strong> windbreak, mainly consisted by poplar trees (Populus sp.), is emerging the important role in<br />
protecting the 21.29 million ha of farml<strong>and</strong>, 63.3% of all the irrigated area in Hexi, to some extent<br />
weakened the impact of severe weather. Transpiration characteristics <strong>and</strong> water use efficiency of crops<br />
within windbreak is an important measure to determine crop water productivity <strong>and</strong> ecological<br />
∗ Corresponding author: CAO Jing , caoj46@yahoo.com.cn<br />
47
enefits of the windbreak. In view of these, we studied the characteristics of transpiration water<br />
consumption of maize within a representative poplar windbreak in Linze oasis in the middle of Hexi<br />
Corridor using Li-6400 portable gas exchange system, objective was to provide theoretical <strong>and</strong><br />
practical basis for water-saving agriculture developing <strong>and</strong> the optimal configuration of windbreak in<br />
arid regions.<br />
The study was conducted at desert oasis (39°20′ N, 100°07′ E) of Linze County in the middle of the<br />
Hexi Corridor region in Gansu Province, northwestern China. In 2008, a Poplar-maize system of 1 ha<br />
was established by two rows of 10-year-old Poplar trees (Populus gansuensis C. Wang et H. L. Yang)<br />
with a north-south direction at spacing of 2 m between trees along the row, <strong>and</strong> 50 m between the<br />
rows, which we named as 50 m Poplar-maize system. Seed sowing of maize was on 1st May <strong>and</strong> the<br />
seeds began to emergence about 7 days later. Maize plants reached flowering stage on 5th July<br />
(DAP65, DAP-abbreviation of Days after Planting), grain-filling stage on 20th July (DAP80) <strong>and</strong><br />
maturing on 20th September (DAP142). The study area comprised a r<strong>and</strong>omized complete block<br />
design with three replicate blocks, each consisting of thirteen sampling locations (E1, E5, E9, E13,<br />
E17, E21, M, W1, W5, W9, W13, W17, W21) for measurement, which were divided into five<br />
treatments depending on the light levels received. The five experimental treatments were E-S, E-NS,<br />
M, W-NS, <strong>and</strong> W-S, while E-S <strong>and</strong> W-S were shading regions at afternoon <strong>and</strong> morning, respectively,<br />
E-NS <strong>and</strong> W-NS were non-shading regions <strong>and</strong> M was the middle position between tree rows which<br />
was a non-shading region too. A series of parameters, such as leaf area (AL), transpiration rate (E),<br />
stomatal conductance (Gs) <strong>and</strong> microclimate characteristics were carried out at all the 39 locations<br />
within the system. And finally, transpiration water consumption of single maize plant was calculated<br />
based on E <strong>and</strong> AL.<br />
Results of E diurnal changes (8:00-18:00) of maize showed that, windbreak had different influences<br />
on maize transpiration at different growth period. The E values of maize at the western shading<br />
regions were lower at seeding <strong>and</strong> flowering stage, <strong>and</strong> had no significant differences with<br />
non-shading regions at other growth periods. The E values of maize at eastern shading regions were<br />
lower at flowering stage, <strong>and</strong> had no significantly differences at other growth periods. The E values of<br />
maize at filling stage had no significantly differences at different regions within windbreak. Otherwise,<br />
variance analysis showed that there was significant difference in maize E value between seedling<br />
stage <strong>and</strong> filling stage (p
filling stage took second place <strong>and</strong> seeding stage was the least one at daily mean value (8:00-18:00)<br />
or each time segment. For example, the daily water consumption of maize at flowering stage was<br />
2.648 kg plant -1 in W-S, it 2 times than filling stage (1.168 kg plant -1 ) <strong>and</strong> 2.599 kg plant -1 more than<br />
seedling stage (0.049 kg plant -1 ). Based on the above results, the variation of transpiration water<br />
consumption of maize within a windbreak was bellow: 1) more in the middle growth period <strong>and</strong> less<br />
in both earlier <strong>and</strong> later stage. 2) more in eastern region <strong>and</strong> less in western region. 3) more at<br />
non-shading region <strong>and</strong> less at shading ones.<br />
Water ecological problem is an important part of agroforestry system research. From the upper results,<br />
we concluded that variation of maize leaf area was the principal reason of transpiration water<br />
consumption spatial variation. The spatial variation of leaf area led to the emergence of maize<br />
transpiration water consumption in the windbreak in a "more in eastern regions <strong>and</strong> less in western<br />
regions, more in non-shading regions <strong>and</strong> less in shading regions" variation.<br />
Keywords: coniferous forest; litter; water holding characteristics; nutrient element storage; Xiaolong<br />
Mountain<br />
Analysis of the s<strong>and</strong>l<strong>and</strong>-agroecosystem coupling evolution in Mu<br />
Us.<br />
Hu Bing-Hui1,2, Liao Yun-Cheng2,∗<br />
1 Department of Environment Science <strong>and</strong> Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224,<br />
China<br />
2 College of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi, 712100, China<br />
Abstract: Aiming at real productivity of frail agroecosystem in Mu Us s<strong>and</strong>l<strong>and</strong>, basing on coupling<br />
theory of complex ecosystem, using energy theory method, <strong>and</strong> selecting Wushen banner, where<br />
grazing is dominant, <strong>and</strong> Yuyang district, where farming is the case, as the relative research object, the<br />
primary productivity, secondary productivity <strong>and</strong> system coupling status of farming <strong>and</strong> grazing<br />
system in Yuyang district <strong>and</strong> Wushen banner have been compared <strong>and</strong> analyzed in near 27 years.<br />
As the result, the evolvement rule of coupling degree of farming <strong>and</strong> grazing system in representative<br />
regions, <strong>and</strong> the building ideas of productivity development of farming <strong>and</strong> grazing system in<br />
farming-dominant zones <strong>and</strong> grazing-dominant zones of Mu Us s<strong>and</strong>l<strong>and</strong>, were brought forward, it<br />
looks forward to offer credible theory support <strong>and</strong> policy direction to similar weak agroecosystem<br />
healthy development.<br />
Keywords: agroecosystem coupling; evolvement rule; emergy theory; Mu Us s<strong>and</strong>l<strong>and</strong><br />
∗ Corresponding author: Liao Yun-Cheng, male, professor, supervisor of PhD.<br />
49
The influence of future climate change on potentially suitable areas<br />
for the maize growth in China<br />
Jia Chaojie, Zhou Weihong, Chen Yaxiong, Sun Guojun∗<br />
Key Laboratory of Arid <strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> Ecology with the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou<br />
University, Lanzhou 730000, China<br />
Abstract: <strong>Climate</strong> change is the most important factor for the migration of the suitable areas planting<br />
maize. The high-resolution data of mean daily temperature, daily precipitation, topography <strong>and</strong> soil<br />
which provided by National <strong>Climate</strong> Center <strong>and</strong> Institute of soil Science were collected <strong>and</strong> collated to<br />
evaluate the impact of climate change for migration of the maize suitable areas <strong>and</strong> provide a<br />
foundation for macro-management decisions of agriculture. <strong>Climate</strong> data mentioned above came from<br />
the simulation by regional climate model to the control experiments of the 20th century <strong>and</strong> the<br />
forecast tests of 21st century. Based on the above factors, the climate <strong>and</strong> soil database is created,<br />
relevant criteria, suitability levels <strong>and</strong> their weights for each factor were defined. The identification of<br />
the suitable areas for maize in China using Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) approach based on GIS is<br />
presented in the current article. The results showed that the most suitable class of active accumulated<br />
temperature, maximum temperature during growth period ,minimum temperature during growth<br />
period moving north dramatically <strong>and</strong> the precipitation moving infinitesimally in the future, which<br />
will result in the planting areas of maize moving northward <strong>and</strong> the areas increased by 4.61×10 5 km 2 .<br />
Keywords: maize; geographic information system(GIS); climate change; Multi-Criteria Evaluation;<br />
kriging interpolation; analytical Hierarchy process<br />
Analysis sustainability of new <strong>and</strong> traditional energy economics<br />
based on the game theory<br />
Ai Ning *<br />
North China Electric Power University, Hebei Baoding 071003<br />
Abstract: By introducing the resource utilization of energy development sustainable degree, we can<br />
build of the central <strong>and</strong> traditional, the new energy strategy game model. By analyzing the central <strong>and</strong><br />
traditional, the new energy strategy, we can find the correlative conclusion for assigning resource best<br />
in the country.<br />
Keywords: Traditional energy; new energy; sustainable degree; game<br />
∗ Corresponding author: SUN Guojun Email: sungj@lzu.edu.cn<br />
50
Research status <strong>and</strong> development strategy of long-term<br />
agro-ecosystem experiment in mainl<strong>and</strong> China<br />
Wang Cheng-Ji1, 2, Pan Gen-Xing1,∗, Huang Yi-Bin2, Weng Bo-Qi2, Tian You-Guo3<br />
1 Institute of Resources, <strong>Ecosystem</strong> <strong>and</strong> Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing <strong>Agricultural</strong> University, Nanjing, Jiangsu<br />
210095, China<br />
2 Institute of <strong>Agricultural</strong> Ecology, Fujian Academy of <strong>Agricultural</strong> Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, China<br />
3. Center of Soil <strong>and</strong> Fertilizer Quality Monitoring <strong>and</strong> Test, the <strong>Agricultural</strong> Ministry of China, Beijing 100026, China<br />
Abstract: Long-term field experiment is an important way to study long-term ecological process<br />
with its environmental effect <strong>and</strong> control measure of cropl<strong>and</strong>. Fertilization <strong>and</strong> cultivation in the<br />
agricultural production are the two most common <strong>and</strong> frequent management practices, which have a<br />
profound impact on agricultural productivity <strong>and</strong> ecological processes. Publications were collected<br />
under long-term agro-ecosystem experiments with different fertilization <strong>and</strong> conservation tillage<br />
treatments available from the Chinese Journals Database (CNKI) <strong>and</strong> the Chinese Journals of Science<br />
<strong>and</strong> Technology Database (VIP Info) over 1979 to 2009. And information of trial site distribution, soil<br />
types, crop systems, monitoring durations <strong>and</strong> site set-up time, management measures, research<br />
content, testing area <strong>and</strong> oriented units were extracted from the publications above to analyze the<br />
long-term experiment status <strong>and</strong> distribution characteristics, discussing the existing problems,<br />
progresses <strong>and</strong> proposed countermeasures of long-term agro-ecosystem experiments in mainl<strong>and</strong><br />
China.<br />
This study was attempted to underst<strong>and</strong> the status <strong>and</strong> distribution characteristics of the long-term<br />
fertilization <strong>and</strong> conservation tillage systems in China’s cropl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> provide the basic data for the<br />
agro-ecosystem assessment <strong>and</strong> management <strong>and</strong> improve the agro-ecosystem functions <strong>and</strong> services<br />
through agricultural management measures.<br />
Keywords : agro-ecosystem; long-term field experiment; fertilization; conservation tillage;<br />
distribution; strategy<br />
Effects of drought stress on the photosynthesis of Salix paraqplesia<br />
<strong>and</strong> Hippophae rhamnoides seedlings<br />
Cai Haixia, Wu Fuzhong, Yang Wanqin*<br />
Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering, Sichuan <strong>Agricultural</strong> University, Ya’an 625014, China<br />
Abstract:Increasingly drought is changing the structure <strong>and</strong> function of terrestrial ecosystem, as a<br />
consequence of which numerous studies have focused on the responses of plants to drought stress in<br />
∗ Corresponding author: PAN Gen-Xing, E-mail:pangenxing@yahoo.com.cn<br />
* Corresponding author: YANG Wanqin, E-mail:scyangwq@163.com<br />
51
the dry area. Photosynthetic process is an essential processe in plant growth, which is sensitive to<br />
environment change. Many evidences have documented that Minjiang dry valley at the upper reaches<br />
of Yangtze River is exp<strong>and</strong>ing upward as affected by human activity, environment changes <strong>and</strong> their<br />
interactions under the global climate change scenerios. The ecotone between dry valley <strong>and</strong> mountain<br />
forest is honored by “the last defense” in slowing or restraining the expansion of dry valley, which is<br />
also one of the heavy destroyed areas in the “5.12” Wenchuan earthquake. In order to underst<strong>and</strong> the<br />
effects of drought on the plant photosynthesis in the ecotone, Salix paraqplesia <strong>and</strong> Hippophae<br />
rhamnoides, which are two representative plants, were selected to study leaf morphological characters<br />
<strong>and</strong> the diurnal dynamics of leaf gas exchange under the treatments with different drought stress<br />
(control: 80% water field capacity (FC), moderate drought stress: 40%FC, <strong>and</strong> heavy drought stress:<br />
20%FC). The controlled water experiment was arranged in the typical ecotone at Jiashan village of Li<br />
county (31°32′N, 103°26′E) in Sichuan Province.<br />
Five individuals of S. paraqplesia <strong>and</strong> four individuals of H. rhamnoides were dead under heavy<br />
drought stress (20%FC) during the drought stress experiment. Drought stress significantly decreased<br />
the leaf number, leaf area, leaf mass, specific leaf area, the content of chlorophyll <strong>and</strong> carotenoids, net<br />
photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs) <strong>and</strong> stamatal limitation value (Ls), which are<br />
greatly related to the photosynthetic processes of both S. paraqplesia <strong>and</strong> H. rhamnoides. However,<br />
intercellular CO2 content (Ci) <strong>and</strong> intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) increased with the increase of<br />
drought stress. Leaf gas exchange parameters such as Pn <strong>and</strong> gs were not increased with the increase<br />
of photosynthetic photo flux density <strong>and</strong> air temperature. The maximum of Pn <strong>and</strong> gs were observed<br />
at 11:00, <strong>and</strong> the “midday depression” was also obviously observed in these two species. In addition,<br />
compared with S. paraqplesia, H. rhamnoides displayed relative higher leaf area, Pn, gs <strong>and</strong> WUEi<br />
under drought stress treatments, indicating that H. rhamnoides could be better adapted to drought<br />
environment, while S. paraqplesia could be more sensitive to drought stress.<br />
The results suggested that the plant at the ecotone might receive strong effects under increasing<br />
drought conditions as affected by climate change in the future. Drought significantly decreases the<br />
photosynthetic efficiency of the examined plants (S. paraqplesia <strong>and</strong> H. rhamnoides) at the ecotone,<br />
<strong>and</strong> then decreased plant growth. However, the responses to drought stress were inconsistent between<br />
two examined species. Compared with S. paraqplesia, H. rhamnoides showed relative higher<br />
adaptation capacity in drought environment with higher leaf area, Pn, gs <strong>and</strong> WUEi. The results here<br />
provided with efficient scientific data for plant selection <strong>and</strong> species arrangement in the procedure of<br />
vegetation practice in the ecotone between Minjiang dry valley <strong>and</strong> mountain forest. The results could<br />
also give efficient evidences in rebuilding <strong>and</strong> rehabitating the destroyed ecosystems after the heavy<br />
earthquake disaster.<br />
Keywords: dry valley; ecotone; drought stress; photosynthesis; S. paraqplesia; H. rhamnoides<br />
52
Response of chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of Populus<br />
euphratica heteromorphic leaves to high temperature<br />
Wang Haizhen1,2, Han Lu1,2, ∗, Xu Yali2,Wang Lin<br />
1 Xinjiang Production & Construction CorPS key laboratory of Protection <strong>and</strong> Utilization of Biological Resources in<br />
Tarim Basin. Alar 843300, China<br />
2.College of Plant Science of Tarim University, Alar, 843300,China.<br />
Abstract: Populus euphratica Oliv is the only naturally-distributed tall arbor species in arid desert<br />
regions of Tarim basin. The long term adaptation to such desert environment induces the formation of<br />
heteromorphic leaves of Populus euphratica,<strong>and</strong> a single adult tree commonly has ploymophic leaves,<br />
such as lanceolate, oval <strong>and</strong> serrated broad-oval leaves. The extremely high ternperature in desert is<br />
much higher than in other regions, so the study of the response of Populus euphratica on high<br />
temperature stress will help underst<strong>and</strong>ing the resistance mechanism of heteromorphic leaves to heat<br />
stress. Taking three heteromorphic leaves of Peuphratica as the material, chlorophyll fluorescence<br />
characteristics <strong>and</strong> excitation energy distribution in different leaves of Peuphratica were investigated<br />
under different temperature treatment. The results showed that there is little variation of Fo ,Fm ,Fv/Fm<br />
<strong>and</strong> Fv/Fo of Peuphratica heteromorphic leaves from 25℃ to 45℃,especially Fv/Fm can maintain 0.78<br />
<strong>and</strong> normal photosynthesis reaction. But Fm , Fv/Fo , Fv/Fm , Fv'/Fm', qP, ΦPSⅡ, P <strong>and</strong> ETR decreased<br />
obviously with heat stress(>45℃), Fo , qN <strong>and</strong> E increased significantly, <strong>and</strong> D fluctuated up or<br />
down. It illustrated that high temperature stress decreased the activity of PSⅡreaction center <strong>and</strong><br />
photochemical electron transfer rate, inhibiting the heat dissipation <strong>and</strong> distribution balance of<br />
excitation energy between PSⅠ<strong>and</strong> PSⅡ, leading to photosynthetic apparatus damaged <strong>and</strong><br />
photosynthetic rate decreased. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Peuphratica heteromorphic<br />
leaves varied significantly different with temperature increasing, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters<br />
of serrated broad-oval leave has obviously higher than that of lanceolate <strong>and</strong> oval leaves. The result<br />
suggested that serrated broad-oval leave has greater heat tolerance ability than others. A fuzzy<br />
membership function was defined to synthetically evaluate the high-temperature resistance ability of<br />
three heteromorphic leaves. And the result suggested that serrated broad-oval leave was the most<br />
heat-tolerant.<br />
Keywords: Populus euphratica Oliv; heteromorphic leaves; high-temperature stress; heat-tolerance;<br />
chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics<br />
∗ Corresponding author: HAN Lu, Email:hlzky@163.com<br />
53
An AHP based low-carbon economy assessment system<br />
Ai Ning*<br />
North China Electric Power University, Hebei Baoding 071003<br />
Abstract: Low-carbon economy has become the wave of revolution to change the world economy<br />
after the industrial <strong>and</strong> informational revolution. Its development has become an irreversible trend. By<br />
building low-carbon economy evaluation system based on AHP, we can calculate the weight of each<br />
indicator. Finally, by analyzing the weight, we can find we should hold which indicator for developing<br />
the low-carbon energy.<br />
Keywords:Low-carbon economy; AHP; weight<br />
A comparative study of seed germination traits of 52 plant species<br />
from the Gurbantunggut desert <strong>and</strong> its peripheral zone<br />
Liu Hui-Liang1,2, Song Ming-Fang1,2, Zhang Dao-Yuan1,∗, Duan Shi-Min1, Wang Xi-Yong1,Yin Lin-Ke1<br />
1Key Laboratory of biogeography <strong>and</strong> bioresource in arid , Xinjiang Institute of Ecology <strong>and</strong> Geography, Urumqi<br />
830011, China<br />
2 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049<br />
Abstract: In order to determine seed germination traits <strong>and</strong> ecological significance of species, seed<br />
germination characteristics (Germination percentages, Day when germination began, Germination<br />
periods <strong>and</strong> Time requried forhalf the final germination to be reached (d) of 52 species from the<br />
Gurbantunggut Desert <strong>and</strong> its peripheral zone were studied. Results found that germination<br />
percentages of 52 species displayed a bimodal distribution, <strong>and</strong> the species of germination percentage<br />
exceeding 80% <strong>and</strong> less than 20% were most; Day when germination began displayed a skewed<br />
toward short periods, 37 species began to germinate within 1-3 days after the test began, while 2<br />
species failed to germinate in a period of more than 10 days; Germination period showed different, for<br />
10 species, their germination period was less than 10 days, while 14 species had a germination period<br />
of more than 22 days; For 17 species, the days required for half the final germination rate to be<br />
reached were 1-7d. Principal component analysis (PCA) <strong>and</strong> clustering analysis was used, <strong>and</strong> divided<br />
32 Chenopodiaceae species into four main germination patters: rapid, transition, slow <strong>and</strong> low, low,<br />
which were decided by different soil water content microsites. Germination percentages of woody<br />
plants was significantly higher than non-woody plants, suggested that the high germination rate of<br />
woody plants ensured them rapidly occupying space <strong>and</strong> resources to increase competitive advantage;<br />
non-woody plants, especialy annuals plants, had low germination percent, which was “bet-hedging”<br />
strategy for plant survival.<br />
Keywords: Gurbantunggut Desert; seed germination; life form; germination type<br />
* Corresponding author: Ai Ning<br />
∗ Corresponding author: Zhang Dao-Yuan,Email: daoyuanzhang@163.net. Tel:86-991-7885396.<br />
54
Study on the comprehensive factors of ecosystem <strong>and</strong> its assessment<br />
in regional development<br />
Xun Shou-kui*<br />
Anhui University of Science <strong>and</strong> Technology, Huainan, anhui,232001<br />
Abstract: The traditional views of ecosystem often mainly assess <strong>and</strong> research some factors of the<br />
processes in some regional economic <strong>and</strong> social development from the perspective of the natural<br />
environment <strong>and</strong> resource. In fact, some important factors of regional development include not only<br />
natural aspects, but also economic <strong>and</strong> social aspects. Among them, the natural factors include water<br />
resources, l<strong>and</strong> resources, mineral resources <strong>and</strong> natural conditions such as atmospheric environment<br />
<strong>and</strong> its impact, economic <strong>and</strong> social factors include the rationalization <strong>and</strong> impact of urban areas <strong>and</strong><br />
rural layout, the status <strong>and</strong> impact of industrial development, the conditions <strong>and</strong> impact of traffic, the<br />
situation <strong>and</strong> impact of human resource, the situation <strong>and</strong> impact of the legal system, the situation <strong>and</strong><br />
impact of the historical <strong>and</strong> cultural environment. Therefore, the study of system environmental in<br />
regional development must adhere to two points. First, the regional ecosystem should include not only<br />
natural systems should also include economic <strong>and</strong> social systems. Second, the assessment <strong>and</strong><br />
management of ecosystem in regional development should moderate two systems, rather than in<br />
isolation system.<br />
Keywords: Regional development, ecosystem, comprehensive factors, assessment<br />
Research progresses in nitrous oxide emission from agricultural soil<br />
Xiao Wanli, Xue Yanbin∗<br />
The Vegetable <strong>and</strong> Flower Department , Weifang University of Science & Technology,Shouguang 262700, China<br />
Abstract: Nitrous oxide is one of the most important greenhouse gases, it can deplete the<br />
stratospheric ozone. Nitrous oxide in atmosphere has been increasing continuously due to human<br />
activity <strong>and</strong> it will influence the environment severely, so study on the emission of nitrous oxide is<br />
more <strong>and</strong> more important. <strong>Agricultural</strong> soil is the main source of the nitrous oxide. In this paper, the<br />
author give an overview on the mechanism <strong>and</strong> the key influencing factors of production <strong>and</strong> emission<br />
of nitrous oxide, The modeling simulation of the N2O emission are also studied. All the overviews are<br />
expected to give theories to the N2O researchers in the future.<br />
Keywords: N2O; <strong>Agricultural</strong> Soil; influencing factors<br />
* Corresponding author: Xun Shou-kui<br />
∗<br />
Corresponding Author: XUE Yanbin, Email: yan bin_xue@yahoo.com.cn<br />
55
Effect of different irrigation amount on yield <strong>and</strong> photosynthetic<br />
<strong>and</strong> ecological characteristics of Jerusalem artichoke<br />
ZHANG Hengjia*, YANG Bin<br />
Department of <strong>Agricultural</strong> Water Resources Engineering, School of Engineering, Gansu <strong>Agricultural</strong> University,<br />
Lanzhou, 730070<br />
Abstract:Effect of different irrigation amount on yield, yield components, plant height, leaf area<br />
index (LAI), dry matter accumulation, <strong>and</strong> dry matter accumulation rate of Jerusalem artichoke was<br />
studied. The difference in yield of jerusalem artichoke between different irrigation treatments was<br />
significant or extremely significant, <strong>and</strong> the highest yield was found in treatment J5 with a little lower<br />
irrigation amount compared to the highest irrigation amount treatment, which was increased by 9.1<br />
%~82.1% than the other treatments, respectively, while the lowest yield was found in CK without<br />
irrigation throughout all the growth stages. Significant or extremely significant differences were also<br />
found in yield components between all the treatments. The highest weight per plant was in treatment<br />
J5 which yielded the highest, while the lowest was found in CK. Also, the highest number per plant<br />
<strong>and</strong> the highest stem diameter were marked in treatment J5, which were respectively 13.2%~80.7%<br />
higher than those in the other treatments. The plant height of Jerusalem artichoke in each treatment<br />
was significantly increased both during seedling to lush foliage <strong>and</strong> lush foliage to budding, but the<br />
plant height increase rate was significantly lower during the latter than that during the former, with<br />
significant differences occurred in plant height between treatments during the above two stages. As far<br />
as LAI in different growth stages under the same irrigation amount was concerned, the LAI increase<br />
was much higher during seedling to lush foliage than that during lush foliage to budding. In addition,<br />
water treatment had effect on dry matter accumulation of Jerusalem artichoke. The dry matter per<br />
plant was linearly increased from seedling to flowering in each treatment, with an extremely slow<br />
increase during budding to flowering. Furthermore, the maximum dry matter accumulation rate<br />
throughout the growth period was also found in treatment J5, while the minimum was marked in Ck.<br />
Keywords : Yield; yield components; photosynthetic <strong>and</strong> ecological characteristics; Jerusalem<br />
artichoke<br />
Dry-l<strong>and</strong> facilities vegetables in Shouguang: a view from the<br />
protection of ecological environment <strong>and</strong> the production of safe<br />
food<br />
Xue Yanbin*, Cui Xiaojie<br />
Weifang University of Science & Technology, Sh<strong>and</strong>ong Shouguang 262700, China<br />
* Corresponding Author: ZHANG Hengjia<br />
56
Abstract: This article introduces the general situation of vegetable industry in Shouguang, analyses<br />
the horticulture suitability of regional development in dry l<strong>and</strong> farming <strong>and</strong> the necessity of<br />
developing ecological agriculture. And it elaborates the ecological significance of producing solar<br />
greenhouse vegetables, the protection of ecological environment <strong>and</strong> the security foundation of quality<br />
vegetables <strong>and</strong> also the safety measures to secure the quality of ecological vegetable food. Finally, it<br />
puts forwards views <strong>and</strong> suggestions on the countermeasures of comprehensively promoting br<strong>and</strong><br />
image of Shouguang vegetables <strong>and</strong> safe production of ecological food. It provides both theoretical<br />
<strong>and</strong> practical basis for future scientific development of vegetable industry.<br />
Keywords: Dry l<strong>and</strong> farming; Facilities vegetables; Ecological environment; Safe production<br />
Impacts of climate changes on the vegetation of desert ecosystem<br />
Huang Pei-You1, Zhao Xiao-Ying2*<br />
1 College of life science <strong>and</strong> technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046; 2 College of Life Science, Xinjiang<br />
Normal University, Urumqi, 830054<br />
Abstract: The vegetation in desert region is important for sustaining stability of desert ecosystem but<br />
influenced by global climate change. Recently the temperature <strong>and</strong> precipitation in desert region<br />
increase. The researches show that the climate changes make vegetation cover raise. In Junggar Basin,<br />
the climate change improve growing of mature Haloxylon ammodendron that germinating during<br />
spring , but restrain its seedling recruitment, then impact natural regeneration of Haloxylon<br />
ammodendron forest. For the species that germinating during summer, climate change promote their<br />
growing <strong>and</strong> regeneration, especially for Tamarix spp. forest, with the exception of Populus<br />
euphratica. If the impacts sustain long term, the distribution of the two groups germinating during<br />
summer <strong>and</strong> spring will raise <strong>and</strong> fall alternately. Then the biodiversity in this region will change.<br />
Key words:<strong>Climate</strong> change; arid region, desert; vegetation trend<br />
Comparative study on metabolic rates in different-ploidy wheats in<br />
flag leaf stage under drought stress<br />
QIN Xiao-Liang1, XIONG You-Cai,LI Feng-Min*<br />
MOE Key Laboratory of Arid <strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> Ecology, Lanzhou university, Lanzhou 730000, China<br />
Abstract:<br />
The scaling of individual metabolic rate to body size is considered to be a fundamental law of nature,<br />
<strong>and</strong> studies suggested that plant metabolism scales as the 3/4 power of body mass. To test this<br />
theoretical prediction, we studied eight varieties of spring wheat, including two diploids (T.<br />
monococcum L.)、two tetraploids (T.dicoccum Schuebl) <strong>and</strong> two sexaploids (Triticum aestivum L).<br />
RMA analyzed the log-log relationship of body mass Mt <strong>and</strong> photosynthetic ( foilage ) body mass Mp.<br />
Metabolic rate b of interspecies in control treatment <strong>and</strong> drought treatment <strong>and</strong> all data are 0.9189<br />
57
(95%Cls = 0.8875,0.9502), 0.9356(95%Cls = 0.9073,0.9695) <strong>and</strong> 0.9708(95% Cls = 0.9513,<br />
0.9902),respectively. The 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of all varieties showed that upper limits<br />
approached or included 1, lower limits significantly were above 3/4(P
Review on physiology <strong>and</strong> biochemistry of drought-induced protein<br />
Abstract:<br />
in wheat crop<br />
Xiao-Feng Zhang, Hai-Yan Kong, Pu-Fang Li, Ji-Nan Li, You-Cai Xiong*<br />
MOE Key Laboratory of Arid <strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China<br />
Soil drought is one of the key factors seriously affecting crop production. A large number of proteins<br />
will be produced in plants under the condition of drought stress, which play an important regulatory<br />
role in maintaining individual survival <strong>and</strong> population succession. In this paper, we summarize<br />
physiological feature, spatial distribution of typical LEA proteins <strong>and</strong> their relations to drought<br />
adaptation in wheat crops. Recent progresses in biochemical responses <strong>and</strong> regulatory mechanism of<br />
drought-induced protein are also summarized, including the difference in expression of<br />
drought-induced protein in different wheat varieties, under different drought stress gradients <strong>and</strong> at<br />
different developmental stages. Finally, the relationships among stress proteins, ABA <strong>and</strong> Ca2+<br />
signals, <strong>and</strong> the characteristics of relevant genes to stress proteins are discussed.<br />
Key words: drought, wheat, drought-induced protein, ABA, Ca 2+<br />
*Corresponding author: You-Cai Xiong, email: xiongyc@lzu.edu.cn, tel/fax: 86-931-8914500<br />
Responses of key photosynthetic enzymes to varying drought<br />
stresses induced by micro-ecological fields in two desert shrub<br />
species: A cue for C3-C4 photosynthesis evolution<br />
Chun-Mei Gong1, Gen-Xuan Wang1, 2, Dong-Xia Yue3, 4, Tian-Ming Wang3 <strong>and</strong> You-Cai Xiong1, 3*,<br />
1. MOE Key Laboratory of Arid <strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China<br />
2. College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310027, P.R. China<br />
3. MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science <strong>and</strong> Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal<br />
University, Beijing 100875, P.R. China<br />
4. MOE Key Laboratory of West Environments, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China<br />
Abstract<br />
The activities of three key C4 photosynthetic enzymes were compared in two typical desert shrub<br />
species including Hedysarum scoparium (C3 plant) <strong>and</strong> Haloxylon ammodendron ( C4 plant) grown in<br />
the micro-ecological fields in Minqin Experimental Station of Desert Control of Gansu Province at the<br />
arid area of northwestern China. The ecological fields were filled with s<strong>and</strong>y soil <strong>and</strong> comprised three<br />
types of cultivation pools with the depths of 1.4 m, 2.4 m <strong>and</strong> 3.4 m respectively. A restricted water<br />
supply was periodically supplemented at the bottom of each cultivation pool to simulate the drought<br />
stress gradients.<br />
The results indicated that the ratio of Δ water potential / Δ relative water content in three<br />
photosynthetic organs including the leaflet <strong>and</strong> rachis of Hedysarum scoparium <strong>and</strong> the assimilating<br />
59
shoots of Haloxylon ammodendron were selected are important to resist wind <strong>and</strong> capture s<strong>and</strong> in the<br />
arid areas. The photosynthetic organs, assimilating shoots <strong>and</strong> leaves of these two species at different<br />
depths ground water (DGW), were studied to characterize their photosynthetic properties <strong>and</strong><br />
adaptable mechanism. The cellular anatomy of assimilating organs <strong>and</strong> activities of C4 metabolic key<br />
enzymes, indicate different traits of CO2 fixation in different photosynthetic organs. Assimilating<br />
shoots of Haloxylon ammodendron had attributes of the C4 photosynthesis entirely, while<br />
photosynthetic key enzymatic activities of C4 pathway were detected in leaves <strong>and</strong> assimilating shoots<br />
of Hedysarum scoparium although lacking Kranz-anatomy either in leaves or in assimilating shoots.<br />
Photosynthetic key enzymatic activities of C4 pathway of Haloxylon ammodendron (C4) were higher<br />
than that of Hedysarum scoparium (C3); however, counterparts of Hedysarum scoparium were<br />
increased with the increasing depth of ground water.<br />
The results also showed that photosynthetic latent capacity of Haloxylon ammodendron was<br />
restricted in immoderate water conditions; C4 pathway not only was presented but also the degree of<br />
expression was more <strong>and</strong> more enhanced with the increasing depth of ground water in Hedysarum<br />
scoparium. We propose that organ diversity of C4 photosynthesis in C3 desert species is the evolution<br />
of important adaptive capability for growth, survival <strong>and</strong> evolutional develpoment in arid regions of<br />
China. In combinations with observations made during the trials, these results suggest that there is a<br />
cue present for photosynthetic adaptation strategy in rachis of Hedysarum scoparium under severe<br />
desert climate.<br />
Keywords: Haloxylon ammodendron; Hedysarum scoparium; ecological field; drought stress, C4<br />
photosynthetic key enzyme<br />
*Corresponding author: You-Cai Xiong, email: xiongyc@lzu.edu.cn, tel/fax: 86-931-8914500<br />
Ecophysiological mechanism of exogenous Eu3+ improving<br />
drought tolerance in relation to plasma membrane Na+-K+-ATPase<br />
of different organs in grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) seedlings<br />
Honger Tian, Tian Xu, Xiyong Ge, Haiyan Kong, Junlan Xiong <strong>and</strong> Youcai Xiong<br />
1. Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public<br />
Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China<br />
China<br />
2. MOE Key Laboratory of Arid <strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000,<br />
Abstract:<br />
Effect of rare earth element Eu3+ on drought adaptation of plants received a wide range of<br />
interests, but its regulatory mechanism remains unclear. In this study, exogenous Eu3+ solution was<br />
imposed to intact plants of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) to investigate the activities of key enzymes,<br />
the changes in water content <strong>and</strong> the differences in major ion absorption in roots, stems <strong>and</strong> leaves.<br />
Two comparisons were made under PEG stress with <strong>and</strong> without Eu3+ applications. The results<br />
indicated that Eu3+ application significantly improved the water contents by 3.58%, 3.77%, 5.53% in<br />
60
oots, stems <strong>and</strong> leaves. The application of Eu3+ solution increased the uptake of Na+ <strong>and</strong> K+ by<br />
18.86% <strong>and</strong> 20.67% in roots respectively, but significantly decreased the uptake of Na+ <strong>and</strong> K+ by<br />
6.70%, 51.35% in stems, <strong>and</strong> 0.69%, 65.57% in leaves under PEG stress conditions. Importantly,<br />
exogenous application of Eu3+ increased the activities of Na+-K+ATPase by 22.66μg· min-1·mg-1<br />
FW in roots, but decreased the activities by 5.34μg· min-1·mg-1 FW in stems <strong>and</strong> by 3.51μ<br />
g· min-1·mg-1 FW in leaves. It can be argued that application of Eu3+ regulated the drought<br />
adaptation through improving more energy distribution to roots <strong>and</strong> in the meantime reducing<br />
metabolic input to aboveground.<br />
Key words: Grass pea, Eu 3+ , plasma membrane Na + -K + ATPase<br />
*Corresponding author: You-Cai Xiong, email: xiongyc@lzu.edu.cn, tel/fax: 86-931-8914500<br />
Type diversity <strong>and</strong> spatial variability of saline soil in Manas River<br />
watershed of Xinjiang<br />
Hao Zhang 1 , Zhihua Li 2 , Shaoming Wang 1 , Taotao Liu 2 , Hongwei Zhu 2 , Bang Li 2 , Xuzhe Zhao 2 ,<br />
Jianyong Wang 1 <strong>and</strong> Youcai Xiong 1 *<br />
1. MOE Key Laboratory of Arid <strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;<br />
2. Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China<br />
Abstract<br />
Field survey was conducted to investigate l<strong>and</strong>scape features, type diversity <strong>and</strong> spatial variation of<br />
saline soil using the methods of classical statistics, <strong>and</strong> geostatistics theoretical analysis in Manas<br />
River watershed of Xinjiang, China. Three different l<strong>and</strong>scapes were chosen to compare the<br />
difference in saline soil attributes, including Plot 1 at the midstream of watershed with surface water<br />
irrigation, Plot 2 at the downstream of watershed with the combination of surface <strong>and</strong> underground<br />
water irrigation <strong>and</strong> Plot 3 with underground water supply only as their major factors influencing soil<br />
salinization. Comparative analysis was made among three plots. The results suggested that soil type<br />
of the downstream of watershed belonged to the heavy sulfate-type salinized soil; that of Plot 2 is the<br />
moderate sulfate - chloride saline soil, <strong>and</strong> that of Plot 3 is salt soil with moderate chloride ions<br />
contents. Salt content of all kinds of soils is observed to be in normal distribution. From the vertical<br />
direction, there existed a significant surface accumulation phenomenon. Spatial analysis showed that<br />
the spatial distribution of soil salinity in the often isolated <strong>and</strong> intensively auto-correlated. The three<br />
plots were mainly affected by structural factors, showing a diverse spatial distribution of soil salinity.<br />
Soil salinity of three plots was obviously different with the correlation distance, but the overall<br />
performance of the increase in soil depth autocorrelation distance tended to increase. Block-Kriging<br />
interpolation method by drawing contour plots of soil salinity distribution was simultaneously<br />
employed. The results indicated that different soil layers had their respective salinity accumulation<br />
areas with variable isolated patches, zonal distribution pattern <strong>and</strong> soil salinity contours <strong>and</strong> gradual<br />
trend. It can be argued that there existed a strong spatial correlation of soil salinity among them.<br />
Key words: spatial variability, saline soil, Manas River watershed<br />
*Corresponding author: You-Cai Xiong, email: xiongyc@lzu.edu.cn, tel/fax: 86-931-8914500<br />
61
Lanzhou University<br />
Founded in 1909 <strong>and</strong> located in Lanzhou, the capital city of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University<br />
is one of the key universities under Ministry of Education, China. Currently, it houses 23 schools:<br />
School of Chinese Language <strong>and</strong> Literature, School of Journalism <strong>and</strong> Communication, School of<br />
History <strong>and</strong> Culture, School of Economics, School of <strong>Management</strong>, School of Philosophy <strong>and</strong><br />
Sociology, School of Foreign Languages <strong>and</strong> Literature, School of Law, School of Politics <strong>and</strong><br />
Administration, School of Arts, School of Education, School of Mathematics <strong>and</strong> Statistics, School of<br />
Information Science <strong>and</strong> Engineering, School of Physical Science <strong>and</strong> Technology, School of<br />
Chemistry <strong>and</strong> Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science, School of Resources <strong>and</strong> Environment,<br />
School of Pastoral Agriculture Science <strong>and</strong> Technology, School of Atmospheric Science, School of<br />
Continuing Education, School of Network Education, School of Higher Vocational Education, School<br />
of International Cultural Exchange.<br />
There are 6 National Bases for the Training of Researching <strong>and</strong> Teaching personnel for<br />
Fundamental Disciplines. The University operates an additional 35 institutes along with 1 national key<br />
Laboratory of the Applied Organic <strong>and</strong> 3 key laboratories of Arid <strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> Ecology, West China<br />
Environment, Magnetism <strong>and</strong> Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education, a key laboratory of<br />
Grassl<strong>and</strong> Agro-ecosystem of the Ministry of Agriculture. In 1981, Lanzhou University became one of<br />
the first universities entitled to enroll Bachelor, Master’s <strong>and</strong> Doctoral degree c<strong>and</strong>idates; it was also<br />
authorized to set up postdoctoral research programs in Physics, Chemistry <strong>and</strong> Biology. The<br />
undergraduate degree program consists of four years of study, while postgraduate <strong>and</strong> doctoral<br />
c<strong>and</strong>idates complete their studies from between 2 <strong>and</strong> 3 years. In total, the University provides<br />
education for over 36, 400 students, among whom there are nearly 12,000 formal undergraduate<br />
students.<br />
By placing emphasis on basic theoretical research, Lanzhou University has made great<br />
achievements in the fields of Organic Chemistry, Cell Biology, Theoretical Physics, Nuclear Physics<br />
<strong>and</strong> Technology, Magnetics, Plant Physiology, Ecology, Basic Mathematics, Mechanics, Natural<br />
Geography, Synoptic Dynamics, Inorganic Chemistry, Analytic Chemistry, <strong>and</strong> others. According to<br />
statistics provided by the Scientific Citation Index (SCI) <strong>and</strong> the Index Scientific Research (ISR),<br />
Lanzhou University is one of the top ten universities in contributions to academic publications in<br />
international journals frequently cited by ongoing research from around the world. Specifically, in<br />
1992 <strong>and</strong> 1993, the university ranked third nationally in contributions to academic publications <strong>and</strong><br />
sixth place in journal citations, thus bringing international attention to the university from academic<br />
societies worldwide. In the last decade the University has emphasized studies in the special<br />
characteristics <strong>and</strong> problems of China’s Northwestern Provinces in the fields of Customs, Economy,<br />
Society, Science <strong>and</strong> Culture, Dunhuang Studies, Northwestern History <strong>and</strong> Geography, Population,<br />
Geological Engineering, Glaciation, Plateau Atmosphere, Plant Physiology <strong>and</strong> Arid Ecology. The<br />
importance of these studies has brought high recognition <strong>and</strong> praise from the Central Government.<br />
At the conference on Asian Higher Education held in Manila, Philippines in 1993, 100 universities<br />
were cited for their academic excellence; Lanzhou University ranks sixth among the 26 universities<br />
selected from China. In 1995, 13 Chinese universities were selected as the most Prominent<br />
universities in China <strong>and</strong>, once again, Lanzhou University ranked sixth in this category. All of these<br />
achievements help make Lanzhou University well-known at home <strong>and</strong> abroad.<br />
Lanzhou University is active in developing international education exchange <strong>and</strong> cooperation<br />
through the international exchange of post-graduate students, visiting scholars <strong>and</strong> scientific research<br />
cooperation with universities <strong>and</strong> organizations in more than 30 foreign countries <strong>and</strong> regions<br />
including USA, Japan, UK, France, Germany, Australia, Canada, Russia, Kong Kong <strong>and</strong> many others.<br />
The current President of Lanzhou University is Professor Zhou Xuhong.<br />
62
The Institute of Arid Agroecology<br />
The Institute of Arid Agroecology of Lanzhou University is affiliated to the MOE (Ministry of<br />
Education) Key Laboratory of Arid <strong>and</strong> Grassl<strong>and</strong> Ecology. It bears a glorious history <strong>and</strong> fine<br />
academic tradition. Since its establishment in the 1990s, the institute has undertaken the mission of the<br />
revitalization of agricultural <strong>and</strong> ecological sustainable development in northwest China. Its objective<br />
is to develop water-saving ecological agriculture in arid <strong>and</strong> semiarid areas, <strong>and</strong> harmonize the<br />
relationship between human <strong>and</strong> nature in ecologically fragile areas. Nowadays, the drought has<br />
severely restricted the northwest environmental <strong>and</strong> social development, <strong>and</strong> the ecological crisis<br />
compels us to seek to resolve these issues. It is incumbent for the institute to take up the responsibility<br />
of scientific research in arid environments.<br />
The institute centers on the arid <strong>and</strong> semi-arid regions, which occupies 52.5% of the total area.<br />
Because of the drought <strong>and</strong> coldness, especially the serious degradation of ecosystems resulting from<br />
the fragility of the ecological environment, high intensity of population <strong>and</strong> agricultural pressures, the<br />
sustainable development <strong>and</strong> the protection of ecological environment have become major issues<br />
worldwide. To solve the above problem lies in how to correctly underst<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> appropriately control<br />
the evolution of natural ecosystems to increase vegetation coverage <strong>and</strong> improve the ecological<br />
environment; how to improve <strong>and</strong> monitor agro-ecosystem productivity in order to enhance the overall<br />
development level, which precisely constitute the core <strong>and</strong> the goal of our team’s research.<br />
Faced with these problems, based on farml<strong>and</strong>-l<strong>and</strong> productivity, studies on agriculture <strong>and</strong><br />
animal husb<strong>and</strong>ry are combined to improve agricultural productivity <strong>and</strong> increase integrated<br />
ecosystem vegetation coverage. The team st<strong>and</strong>s out by the combination of ecology <strong>and</strong><br />
agriculture-forestry. In the mid-80s mid-90s of the 20th century, to deal with the long-term<br />
degradation of ecosystems <strong>and</strong> low life quality in the semi-arid Loess Plateau region, the team, led by<br />
Professor Song-Ling Zhao, proposed rain-harvesting agriculture system, which would serve as the<br />
foundation of further dryl<strong>and</strong> agro-ecological research.<br />
The founder of the research team for the original State Key Laboratory of Arid Agroecology was<br />
Professor Song-Ling Zhao. As early as the mid-1980s, Professor Song-Ling Zhao led the team to carry<br />
out studies on agricultural ecology, when the most important issue facing the region was to feed<br />
people. The team did a large amount of research on the relationship between environmental factors<br />
<strong>and</strong> yield of spring wheat, <strong>and</strong> proposed theories of rain-harvesting agriculture, which drew attention<br />
from former Premier Li Peng. Rain-harvesting agriculture was widely applied in northwest provinces<br />
<strong>and</strong> initiated a wave of water utilization studies. After the death of Professor Song-Ling Zhao in 1996,<br />
Professor Feng-Min Li became the team leader. Based on the past achievement, the team proposed<br />
rain-harvesting eco-agriculture, which was approved by academics <strong>and</strong> national leaders. In the new<br />
century, especially in the past three years, the team managed to achieve new development by<br />
emphasizing basic science research <strong>and</strong> establishment of regional ecological planning.<br />
Main Faculty Staff <strong>and</strong> Postgraduates Prof. Feng-Min Li, Director of the Institute<br />
63
The University of Western Australia<br />
The University of Western Australia (UWA) was established in 1911 <strong>and</strong> it is a leading<br />
Australian research university <strong>and</strong> has an international reputation for excellence, innovation <strong>and</strong><br />
enterprise.<br />
It is a member of significant international networks of excellent research intensive universities,<br />
including the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN) <strong>and</strong> the Matariki Network of Universities<br />
(MNU) as well as a member of the Australian 'Group of Eight' research universities.<br />
Sitting on the banks of the Swan River, the UWA Crawley campus is the oldest in Western<br />
Australia <strong>and</strong> among the most picturesque in the nation with its gr<strong>and</strong> s<strong>and</strong>stone <strong>and</strong> terracotta<br />
buildings sitting among elegant heritage-listed gardens.<br />
UWA has the highest quality undergraduates of any university in Australia. This is underpinned by<br />
the fact that the proportion of UWA graduates accepted into full-time employment within five months<br />
of completing their course is the highest of all Western Australian universities <strong>and</strong> among the highest<br />
in Australia. There are 10 faculties from science, natural <strong>and</strong> agricultural sciences, law, business,<br />
engineering, medicine to education <strong>and</strong> arts, <strong>and</strong> more than 30 schools (Departments), several centres<br />
<strong>and</strong> two institutes with more than 22,000 students enrolled <strong>and</strong> 3,500 staff. UWA is ranked 127 among<br />
the world universities based on the Shanghai Jiaotong University ranking in 2010. UWA is targeting<br />
to get into the top 50 universities by 2020.<br />
Coupled with this success is our high-quality intake of students. Western Australia's top-achieving<br />
school leavers choose to study at UWA as do high-calibre undergraduate <strong>and</strong> postgraduate students<br />
from around Australia <strong>and</strong> the world, particularly South-East Asia.<br />
UWA is ranked second in Australia for the quality of its undergraduate programs. Our students<br />
benefit from the strong knowledge base <strong>and</strong> experience of teaching staff, many of whom have<br />
substantial international experience.<br />
The University's strong foundation in research <strong>and</strong> teaching creates a scholarly environment which<br />
promotes the pursuit <strong>and</strong> rigorous critical interpretation of new information as well as the acquisition<br />
of knowledge.<br />
Apart from regular delivery of information (lectures, tutorials, supervised research, field trips <strong>and</strong><br />
student placements), the University also provides students with opportunities to apply their knowledge<br />
on collaborative projects with business, industry, government <strong>and</strong> the wider community.<br />
UWA students are also involved in more than 75 student exchange or study abroad programs in<br />
North America, Asia <strong>and</strong> Europe.<br />
The University welcomes more than 4,500 international students to its academic programmes both<br />
onshore <strong>and</strong> overseas. Our Crawley campus is a multi-cultural <strong>and</strong> multi-faith community which<br />
includes students from 90 different countries.<br />
The University's Vice-Chancellor, Professor Alan Robson, is supported by a five member<br />
Executive.<br />
64
The UWA Institute of Agriculture<br />
The UWA Institute of Agriculture was established by The University of Western Australia (UWA)<br />
with a m<strong>and</strong>ate to integrate agricultural <strong>and</strong> natural resource management, research, education,<br />
training <strong>and</strong> communication across the University.<br />
The Institute is a partnership between the four schools within the Faculty of Natural <strong>and</strong> <strong>Agricultural</strong><br />
Sciences (FNAS) <strong>and</strong> key agricultural, food <strong>and</strong> health, <strong>and</strong> biotechnology centres within <strong>and</strong> outside<br />
the Faculty.<br />
The UWA Institute of Agriculture works with the agricultural <strong>and</strong> natural resource management sector<br />
to improve workforce skills, <strong>and</strong> to generate new knowledge that will assist the industry’s participants<br />
to advance their individual aspirations, underpin local <strong>and</strong> regional prosperity, <strong>and</strong> exercise<br />
responsible stewardship of the environment.<br />
The Institute has five Programs: Integrated L<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Water; Animal Productions Systems; Plant<br />
Production Systems; Rural Economy, Policy <strong>and</strong> Development, <strong>and</strong> Education, Outreach <strong>and</strong><br />
Technology Exchange. These programs are structured to be, where possible, interdisciplinary,<br />
intersecting across the varied strengths of the Faculty’s Schools, Centres <strong>and</strong> discipline groups. The<br />
Institute’s programs focus on key themes relevant to future agricultural, food industry <strong>and</strong> natural<br />
resource management needs. Its responsibility is to maintain position of UWA <strong>Agricultural</strong> Sciences<br />
<strong>and</strong> related natural resource management as the national tertiary leader in the discipline area <strong>and</strong> in the<br />
top 50 agricultural faculties in the world.<br />
A UWA analysis covering research publications during the period 2001 – 2007, compared UWA’s<br />
research performance with all other Australian universities listed in the Thomson Reuters University<br />
Science Indicators (36 universities) database <strong>and</strong> also with a group of four internationally recognized<br />
universities positioned above UWA on the Shanghai Jiao Tong University Rankings over the period<br />
2001-2007. It found that subject fields directly related to agriculture (Agronomy, <strong>Agricultural</strong><br />
Economics & Policy, <strong>Agricultural</strong> Soil Sciences, Plant Sciences, <strong>and</strong> <strong>Agricultural</strong> Dairy <strong>and</strong> Animal<br />
Sciences) UWA produced more indexed publications than any other Australian university <strong>and</strong> in three<br />
of the five areas out-performed all of the international benchmark universities.<br />
Like Agriculture Resource Economics <strong>and</strong> Policy, in Agronomy, <strong>and</strong> <strong>Agricultural</strong> Soil Sciences our<br />
cited works rank #1 in Australia <strong>and</strong> against the international benchmark universities. In plant<br />
sciences our citations rank second to ANU in Australia with both Australian universities ranking<br />
behind the University of Wisconsin Madison. For <strong>Agricultural</strong> Dairy & Animal Science, UWA is<br />
ranked # 6 on both the number of outputs <strong>and</strong> citations <strong>and</strong> #8 relative to the international benchmark<br />
universities. All of the Australian universities are positioned behind the University of Wisconsin<br />
Madison <strong>and</strong> the University of Bristol in this field. This is an excellent performance that testifies to<br />
the st<strong>and</strong>ing of agricultural sciences at UWA.<br />
The Director of The UWA Institute of Agriculture is Winthrop Professor Kadambot Siddique.<br />
65
Notes<br />
Weather<br />
Lanzhou secluded inl<strong>and</strong> dry climate, abundant sunshine. Long <strong>and</strong> relatively cold in winter, less rain<br />
<strong>and</strong> snow; spring end in Passed away, air changes, s<strong>and</strong> over wind; summer is short, the temperature is<br />
high, but no hot; fall faster cooling. Year mean temperature is 9.3 ℃, annual range of temperature <strong>and</strong><br />
diurnal temperature range larger. Meeting held in July, higher daytime temperatures, ultraviolet Strong,<br />
may be slightly out put some sunscreen.<br />
Culture<br />
Lanzhou inhabited large amount Muslim population, Muslim culture is prosperous. A lot of halal<br />
restaurants along the street.<br />
Diet<br />
Northwest of China, beef <strong>and</strong> mutton is the staple food, such food-allergic people shall pay attention,<br />
it is best to eat more fruit, both vitamin supplements, quench their thirst. Gansu specialty Honeydew<br />
enjoy "such as osmanthus incense, sweet like honey," the name, delicate flesh, <strong>and</strong> storable., Lanzhou<br />
noodles are specialties.<br />
Weather report<br />
http://www.weather.com.cn/gansu/lanzhou/index.shtml<br />
400-6000-121<br />
66
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