DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ANALOG FILTERS A Signal ...

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12 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ANALOG FILTERS: Chapter 1 Introduction
A Signal Processing Perspective 13 right channels (i.e., monophonic), L-R indicates the left-channel signal minus the right-channel signal, LSB and USB indicates the lower-sideband and upper-sideband, respectively, DSB-SC indicates double-sideband suppressed carrier, and the pilot carrier is a 19 kHz sinusoid (Stremler, 1990). Note that the suppressed carrier has a frequency of 38 kHz . Note that if this signal (the entire signal illustrated in Figure 1.7) was simply amplified and applied to a loudspeaker, that a monophonic signal would be heard. The left and right channels would be added together. All frequencies above 20 kHz would not be audible, and the 19 kHz pilot carrier would also likely not be heard, or it could be removed with an appropriate filter. This is how monophonic FM receivers are capable of receiving FM stereo broadcasts and still be capable of recovering the full monophonic signal. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulated that FM stereo broadcasts must be capable of being received by FM monophonic receivers. In an FM stereo receiver the FM demodulated signal, with spectrum illustrated in Figure 1.7, is lowpass filtered to recover the L+R signal, and is also applied to the phase-locked loop stereo demodulator shown in Figure 1.8 (as an example; other demodulation schemes also exist) (Stremler, 1990). The bandpass filter shown, tuned to 19 kHz, allows only the pilot carrier to pass (this signal also lights the “stereo” light on some FM receivers) and phase-locks the 38 kHz voltage controlled oscillator. The 38 kHz serves as the carrier to demodulate the double-sideband suppressed carrier modulation for the L-R signal. Note that the 19 kHz pilot is used rather than transmitting a 38 kHz carrier for several reasons, including the fact it would be much more difficult to extract for phase synchronization because the L-R LSB and USB are much closer together than is the upper edge of the L+R signal and the lower edge of the L-R LSB signal. If the L+R and L-R signals are added, only the left channel signal remains. If the L+R and L-R signals are subtracted, only the right channel signal remains. This is how the right and left channel signals are separated. Note that several analog filters have been used to help accomplish this task. Example 1.8 Consider the crossover network used in a three-way high-fidelity loudspeaker illustrated in Figure 1.9. Such a crossover network, as they are usually referred to, consists of a lowpass, a bandpass, and a highpass filter. The reasons for using such filters, rather than simply connecting the three speakers (woofer, midrange, and tweeter) in parallel, are for power efficiency and to avoid exceeding the power limitations of individual speakers (and also for impedance considerations). Highpowered bass signals are applied only to the woofer, for example, and the midrange and tweeter speakers need not wastefully dissipate part of this power. Each speaker receives frequencies in the range in which it is most efficient. Special consideration is given to the design of such filters, in that in the transitional region between two speakers, for example frequencies where both the woofer and midrange respond, care Section 1.3 Applications of Analog Filters
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130 (f) (g) (h) DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
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CHAPTER 5 CHEBYSHEV TYPE II FILTERS
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6. 1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 6 ELLIPTI
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CHAPTER 7 BESSEL FILTERS Although a
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CHAPTER 8 OTHER FILTERS In this cha
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CHAPTER 10 PASSIVE FILTERS In this
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APPENDIX B CONTENTS OF THE ACCOMPAN
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APPENDIX D THE MATLAB m-FILE EXAMP6
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A Active filters, 359-390 advantage
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