Residual Strength and Fatigue Lifetime of ... - Solid Mechanics
Residual Strength and Fatigue Lifetime of ... - Solid Mechanics Residual Strength and Fatigue Lifetime of ... - Solid Mechanics
In Equations (1.5) and (1.6) H11, H22 and the oscillatory index are bimaterial constants determined from the elastic stiffnesses of material 1 and 2: where and n are non-dimensional orthotropic constants given in terms of the elements S11 and S22 of the compliance matrix: and The compliance elements for plane stress conditions are given by 8 (1.8) (1.9) (1.10) (1.11) (1.12) For the plane strain condition a correction to the compliance terms is given as where i and j are related to the x- and-y directions in the coordinate system shown in Figure 1.5. The oscillatory index, , in Equations (1.6) and (1.7) is given as (1.13) (1.14) where The complex stress intensity factor can be related to the strain energy release rate by (Suo, 1989): The mode-mixity phase angle as suggested by Hutchinson and Suo (1992) can be defined as (1.15) (1.16)
(1.17) where h is the characteristic length of the crack problem chosen somewhat arbitrarily. The characteristic length is chosen as face sheet thickness throughout this thesis. The strain energy release rate and mode-mixity phase angle may also be derived in terms of the opening and sliding relative displacements of the crack flanks as 9 (1.18) (1.19) Equations (1.18) and (1.19) are only functions of relative opening and sliding displacements at the crack flanks and may conveniently be used in the finite element method for determination of the strain energy release rate and mode-mixity phase angle. However, in an interface both the strain energy release rate and the phase angle close to the crack tip behave in an oscillatory manner (Williams, 1959), see Figure 1.6. This oscillation is physically impossible since it calculates that the upper and lower surfaces of the crack will wrinkle and penetrate into each other close to the crack tip. It is shown that the extent of the oscillatory region is of the order of 10 -6 of the crack length (Erdogan, 1963). England (1965) determined the distance from the crack tip, which after the first interpenetration occurs in the order of 10 -4 of the crack length. This mathematical error needs to be avoided for determination of realistic mode-mixity and strain energy release rate. Berggreen et al. (2005) compared different numerical methods for avoiding the mathematical oscillatory error, including the Virtual Crack Extension method (Parks, 1974, and Hellen, 1975) and the Virtual Crack Closure technique (Beuth, 1996). Furthermore, Berggreen (2005) developed the Crack Surface Displacement Extrapolation (CSDE) method for avoiding this imaginary oscillation. The CSDE method is schematically presented in Figure 1.6. The crack surface displacement extrapolation method exploits the observation that the variation of modemixity phase angle and energy release is linear in the K dominated region before the oscillation zone close to the crack tip. This linear variation may be used to extrapolate the mode-mixity phase angle and the energy release rate to the crack tip position and avoid the oscillatory part. The CSDE method is used throughout this thesis for determination of the mode-mixity phase angle and energy release rate.
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- Page 14 and 15: Contents Preface Executive Summary
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In Equations (1.5) <strong>and</strong> (1.6) H11, H22 <strong>and</strong> the oscillatory index are bimaterial constants<br />
determined from the elastic stiffnesses <strong>of</strong> material 1 <strong>and</strong> 2:<br />
<br />
<br />
where <strong>and</strong> n are non-dimensional orthotropic constants given in terms <strong>of</strong> the elements S11 <strong>and</strong><br />
S22 <strong>of</strong> the compliance matrix:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<strong>and</strong> The compliance elements for plane stress conditions are given by<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
8<br />
(1.8)<br />
(1.9)<br />
(1.10)<br />
(1.11)<br />
(1.12)<br />
For the plane strain condition a correction to the compliance terms is given as<br />
<br />
<br />
where i <strong>and</strong> j are related to the x- <strong>and</strong>-y directions in the coordinate system shown in Figure 1.5.<br />
The oscillatory index, , in Equations (1.6) <strong>and</strong> (1.7) is given as<br />
(1.13)<br />
<br />
<br />
(1.14)<br />
<br />
where<br />
<br />
<br />
The complex stress intensity factor can be related to the strain energy release rate by (Suo,<br />
1989):<br />
<br />
<br />
The mode-mixity phase angle as suggested by Hutchinson <strong>and</strong> Suo (1992) can be defined as<br />
(1.15)<br />
(1.16)