Residual Strength and Fatigue Lifetime of ... - Solid Mechanics
Residual Strength and Fatigue Lifetime of ... - Solid Mechanics Residual Strength and Fatigue Lifetime of ... - Solid Mechanics
Crack length [mm] Crack length [mm] 150 120 90 60 30 0 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 Cycles, N Figure 5.17: Fatigue crack growth from the visual measurements and measurements using DIC vs. cycles for the STT specimens with (a) H45 (b) H100 and (c) H250 core. 250 200 150 100 50 0 (c) Crack length [mm] 200 150 100 Figure 5.18: Fatigue crack growth vs. cycles for the STT specimens with (a) H45 (b) H100 and (c) H250 core. 5.2.2 Fatigue Characterisation of the Face/Core Interface Mixed Mode Bending (MMB) tests were conducted on pre-cracked MMB sandwich specimens, as introduced in Chapter 3, to characterise the fatigue behaviour of the face/core interface of the STT specimens, as shown in Figure 5.19. The MMB test rig allows a range of mode-mixities to be achieved at the crack tip for different lever arm distances, denoted as c in Figure 5.19. A servo-hydraulic MTS 858 testing machine with a maximum capacity of 100kN was used to load the MMB specimens. However, a smaller 25 kN load cell was mounted on the actuator to increase the accuracy of the load measurements. 102 Visual 50 STT H45-1 STT H45-2 50 0 STT H100-1 STT H100-2 0 STT H250-1 STT H250-2 0 50000 100000 0 50000 100000 0 50000 100000 Cycles, N Cycles, N Cycles, N (a) (b) (c) DIC Crack length [mm] 150 100
Since the observed large-scale fibre bridging in the STT specimens with H250 core violates the initial assumptions of linear elastic fracture mechanics in the developed numerical fatigue crack growth scheme, the H250 specimens were discarded and characterisation of the interface was only performed for the specimens with H100 and H45 core. MMB sandwich specimens of each core type were manufactured with 20 mm core and 2 mm face sheet thickness. An initial 20 mm long start crack was defined in the face/core interface of the MMB specimens by inserting a Teflon film, 30 m thick, during the manufacturing process. Similar face sheets, core materials and manufacturing processes as for the STT specimens were used in the manufacturing of the MMB specimens. The specimens were 35 mm wide with a span length (2L) of 160 mm. Figure 5.19: Mixed mode bending rig with the MMB sandwich specimen. To determine the mode-mixity at which the face/core interface fatigue behaviour should be characterised by MMB tests, the mode-mixity phase angle at the crack tip of the STT specimens was evaluated by the finite element method at a load corresponding to the maximum fatigue load in the STT fatigue tests (to be presented in the next section). In all the STT specimens the modemixity phase angle for different crack lengths is between -5 to -20 , which implies mode I dominant loading at the crack tip. The MMB lever arm distances (c) resulting in similar modemixities as those of the STT specimens were determined from the finite element model of the MMB specimen shown in Figure 5.20. The FE model was developed using PLANE42 elements in the commercial finite element code ANSYS. The phase angle and the energy release rate are determined from relative nodal pair displacements along the crack flanks obtained from the finite element analysis using the CSDE method as outlined in Chapter 1. The characteristic length h is arbitrarily chosen as the face sheet thickness. Figure 5.21 shows the variation of the mode-mixity phase angle vs. the lever arm distance (c) in the MMB specimens. At small level arm distances the mode-mixity phase angle increases significantly and mode II dominant loading is present at the crack tip. Increasing the c distance, the phase angle converges to around -20 for the present specimen geometry. It appears that with the current design of the test rig and the MMB specimen it is not possible to reach mode-mixity phase angles more than -20. Therefore, only a -20 103
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Crack length [mm]<br />
Crack length [mm]<br />
150<br />
120<br />
90<br />
60<br />
30<br />
0<br />
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000<br />
Cycles, N<br />
Figure 5.17: <strong>Fatigue</strong> crack growth from the visual measurements <strong>and</strong> measurements using<br />
DIC vs. cycles for the STT specimens with (a) H45 (b) H100 <strong>and</strong> (c) H250 core.<br />
250<br />
200<br />
150<br />
100<br />
50<br />
0<br />
(c)<br />
Crack length [mm]<br />
200<br />
150<br />
100<br />
Figure 5.18: <strong>Fatigue</strong> crack growth vs. cycles for the STT specimens with (a) H45 (b) H100<br />
<strong>and</strong> (c) H250 core.<br />
5.2.2 <strong>Fatigue</strong> Characterisation <strong>of</strong> the Face/Core Interface<br />
Mixed Mode Bending (MMB) tests were conducted on pre-cracked MMB s<strong>and</strong>wich specimens,<br />
as introduced in Chapter 3, to characterise the fatigue behaviour <strong>of</strong> the face/core interface <strong>of</strong> the<br />
STT specimens, as shown in Figure 5.19. The MMB test rig allows a range <strong>of</strong> mode-mixities to<br />
be achieved at the crack tip for different lever arm distances, denoted as c in Figure 5.19. A<br />
servo-hydraulic MTS 858 testing machine with a maximum capacity <strong>of</strong> 100kN was used to load<br />
the MMB specimens. However, a smaller 25 kN load cell was mounted on the actuator to<br />
increase the accuracy <strong>of</strong> the load measurements.<br />
102<br />
Visual<br />
50<br />
STT H45-1<br />
STT H45-2<br />
50<br />
0<br />
STT H100-1<br />
STT H100-2<br />
0<br />
STT H250-1<br />
STT H250-2<br />
0 50000 100000 0 50000 100000 0 50000 100000<br />
Cycles, N<br />
Cycles, N<br />
Cycles, N<br />
(a) (b) (c)<br />
DIC<br />
Crack length [mm]<br />
150<br />
100