A Gap Analysis in Selected Asian Countries, 3R Knowledge Hub ...

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76 3R Gap Analysis and Findings The sales of electrical home appliances such as televisions, refrigerators, washing machines and air conditioners continued to increase from 5.6 million units in 1990 to 7.8 million units in 2000, accounting for a 40% growth. In 2000– 2004, sales decreased to 5.8 million units, with a reduction of 25%. The reason for this decrease is mainly attributed to the saturation of households with the appliances. The highest rates of obsolescence among the four waste items were obtained during 2000– 2005 at 19% and 14% for air conditioners and Televisions respectively. The volume of home appliances collected and treated in Korea is presented in the figure below. E-Waste Recycling and disposal in Korea Source: www.3rkh.net In 2006, the Government of Korea fixed mandatory recycling rates for Televisions (13%), refrigerators (13%), washing machines (23%) etc. Moreover, for mobile phones, audio equipments, copy machines and facsimiles the rate of mandatory recycling was fixed at 15%, 13%, 8% and 8%, respectively. After the establishment of recycling centers by the electronics industry in 1998 in Korea, treatment and recycling has been continuing for waste such as refrigerators, washing machines and air conditioners. Recycling centers are now being operated at three locations by three major electronic companies, handling a total amount of 880,000 units/year. Findings The recycling of waste electronic home appliances has been performed successfully, due to the implementation of the EPR system in 2003. Three main items: refrigerators, washing machines and air conditioners, are being recycled at the recycling centers established by domestic electronic companies, and Televisions are being commissioned to private CRT recyclers. Korea has enforced the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) Law since 2003. The law mandates that manufacturers, distributors and importers of consumer goods such as airconditioners, televisions and personal computers achieve the official recycling targets or pay financial penalty. GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R TECHNOLOGY GAPS Korea is one of the Asian countries with tremendous economic growth rates on par with some of the nations in the European Union. The country has been able to achieve its development goals through the use of appropriate technology. The rightful use of appropriate and advanced technology has helped the country be pioneers in semiconductors, wireless telecommunication equipments, motor vehicles, computers, steel, ships and petrochemicals. The upstream manufacturing in Korea adopts advanced technologies. However, an assessment of technologies in downstream waste handling and disposal is essential to implement 3R-based solutions. The table presents an overview of the technologies used for waste management in Korea. MANAGEMENT ASPECTS Korea is the second Asian country to be a member of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The country became an official member in 1996. This clearly indicates that the country has been adopting proactive management and technological measures aimed at developing its economic status. With well-defined policies, enforced legislation and international cooperation initiatives, the country has been progressing at a steady pace.
SOURCES AND QUANTITIES OF HEALTHCARE WASTE IN KOREA Source of Waste Veterinary institutes Veterinary hospitals Multi-specialty hospitals Local public healthcare unit Medical research institutes Clinics Midwife unit General hospitals Blood banks Others (Crematory) TOTAL Urban Municipal Waste E-Waste Healthcare Waste No. of units 13 1912 919 2684 263 38,238 66 292 17 74 44,478 TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R IN KOREA Reduce Status Reuse Status Resource Conservation Product Lifetime Extension Waste Reduction Resource Conservation Product Lifetime Extension Waste Reduction Waste generated (tons/year) 23 217 4523 374 826 7663 9 19,990 353 3 33,981 Easier Disassembly Remaining Life Assessment Easier Disassembly Remaining Life Assessment Contribution (%) 0.10 0.60 13.30 1.10 2.40 22.50 0.03 58.80 1.00 0.01 100.0 Formal, Strong Informal, Weak Technology Gap Formal but weak Informal but Strong Waste generated per Facility (tons/year) 1.73 0.11 4.92 0.14 3.14 0.20 0.13 68.46 20.78 0.04 Recycle Thermal Recovery Fuel Recovery Material Recovery Sorting Pulverizing Composting Incineration Collection Material Recovery Sorting Pulverizing Collection Material Recovery Sorting Pulverizing Incineration Collection Status Chapter 3: Country Analysis 77
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3R in Asia a gap analysis in select
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Rapid economic growth is accompanie
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ii Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Knowledge
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iv Acronyms & Abbreviations 3R Redu
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Foreword Preface Executive Summary
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Enormous challenges in developing a
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Country Highlights in Promoting 3R
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The objective of the analyses was t
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Strong and Weak represent the level
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BACKGROUND Bangladesh has a populat
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HEALTHCARE WASTE Currently, Banglad
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Recycling ULAB Image source: Waste
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CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
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BACKGROUND Bhutan is a small landlo
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Most of the higher value recyclable
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E-WASTE No published information ex
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CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
Page 37 and 38: BACKGROUND Brunei Darussalam or Bru
Page 39 and 40: The NCE was established in 1993 by
Page 41 and 42: for health settings but the princip
Page 43 and 44: CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
Page 45 and 46: BACKGROUND Cambodia currently has a
Page 47 and 48: Findings On-going difficulties in s
Page 49 and 50: GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R World
Page 53 and 54: BACKGROUND Referred as ‘workshop
Page 55 and 56: year, an integrated solid waste man
Page 57 and 58: • Weak infrastructure of disposal
Page 59 and 60: TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
Page 61 and 62: Priorities must be set to implement
Page 63 and 64: BACKGROUND Urbanization and uncontr
Page 65 and 66: Quantity and characteristics are tw
Page 67 and 68: The mandate of the National Task Fo
Page 71 and 72: BACKGROUND Indonesia, with over 18,
Page 73 and 74: The Compost Subsidy Project plans t
Page 77 and 78: BACKGROUND Located in the Pacific O
Page 79 and 80: Eco-Town at Kitakyushu in Japan The
Page 81 and 82: GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R World
Page 85 and 86: BACKGROUND With a population of abo
Page 87: The Ministry of Environment has bee
Page 91 and 92: The rightful use of appropriate and
Page 93 and 94: BACKGROUND The Lao People’s Democ
Page 95 and 96: In the national level, Science, Tec
Page 97 and 98: Efforts were made by the Government
Page 101 and 102: BACKGROUND With about 330,000 km 2
Page 103 and 104: nationwide. Malaysia has plans to s
Page 105 and 106: and disposal of hazardous waste; in
Page 109 and 110: BACKGROUND Republic of Philippines
Page 111 and 112: Recyclable waste transported from t
Page 113 and 114: Findings About five years ago, the
Page 117 and 118: BACKGROUND Singapore, an island bet
Page 119 and 120: Participation by households increas
Page 121 and 122: Standards Board (now the National S
Page 123 and 124: Presently, the country relies predo
Page 125 and 126: BACKGROUND Thailand is one of the n
Page 127 and 128: Findings Appropriate policies and e
Page 129 and 130: In the industrial sector, e-waste i
Page 133 and 134: BACKGROUND In recent decades, Vietn
Page 135 and 136: opportunity for waste recycling bus
Page 137 and 138: Findings There is a need to develop
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TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
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Vietnam’s solid waste management
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chapter 4 Conclusions & Recommendat
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ABC news, ‘ E-waste China’ (200
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