A Gap Analysis in Selected Asian Countries, 3R Knowledge Hub ...

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68 3R Gap Analysis and Findings E-Waste Recycling in Japan Source: www.3rkh.net Personal Computer Recycling in Japan Waste Type Collected Recycled Recycling Rate (‘000) (‘000) % Findings Desktop PCs 4600 3220 70 Notebook PCs 6400 2560 40 CRT Displays 9150 6680 73 LCDs 2250 1440 64 E-WASTE In 2001, Japan implemented a recycling system for television sets, refrigerators, washing machines, and air conditioners under the Home Appliance Recycling Law. Recycling and transportation fees are paid by consumers, and discarded appliances are sent to recycling facilities. Japan’s Law for Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources (often referred to as the Recycling Promotion Law) was enacted in 1991 to promote increased recycling of a variety of products and materials. One of the major goals of the law was the promotion of product designs that facilitate waste reduction, recycling, and reuse. In 2001, the law was revised to address personal computers. It is estimated that 51% of households in Japan own personal computers accounting for a total of 24 million units. This revised law embraces the principle of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) by requiring manufacturers to establish collection and recycling systems for used computers. The revised law requires manufacturers of small batteries and electronic products that contain them to establish a recovery system for rechargeable batteries, including nickelcadmium, nickel-metal hydride, lithium-ion, and small sealed lead-acid batteries. Apart from the level of recycling, various other estimates put the number of Japanese white goods dumped in rivers or at the side of roads at around 20 million a year. Under Japan’s Specified Home Appliance Recycling (SHAR) Law, enacted in 1998 and entered into force on 2001, manufacturers and importers of washing machines, TV’s, air conditioners, and refrigerators are required to take-back and reuse and/or recycle the discarded products they manufactured. Differentiated recycling rates vary between 50-60% (by weight) among the four product categories and can be fulfilled through product reuse, component reuse, and/or recycling. The domestic electronics assembly industry is aggressively pursuing the removal of lead from the manufacturing process. In 1998, the Japanese government increased levies for recycled leaded equipment. It has established a target of removal of 90% of lead for domestic manufacturing. Amendments to the Law for the Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources that are scheduled to take effect on July 2006, require that importers will be subject to directives in eight product categories: personal computers (including CRT and LCD displays), unit-type air conditioners, televisions, microwave ovens, clothes dryers, electric refrigerators, electric washing machines and copying machines. Six chemical substances (mercury, cadmium, lead, hexavalent chromium, PBB, and PBDE) will be subject to labeling and reporting requirements.
GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R Worldwide, experiences indicate that applying 3R is a lucrative way of tackling waste management issues. The first step in this exercise is an assessment of the technology options available for implementing 3R-based solutions. Proactive policies and relevant legislations emphasizing 3R-based solutions are vital to achieve a higher success rate to form the next step. While recycling is considered as technological ability, reduce and reuse is often considered management or policy oriented. In this context, the following sections present information on the technology and management aspects with a focus on 3R. TECHNOLOGY GAPS Japan, despite the economic recession in the last decade has been able to achieve the position of being the second most technologically advanced country. From production to consumption, and waste White goods recycling Image source: Nishinihon Kaden Recycle Corporation management, the country has spared no measures to increase its resource efficiency. Recycling and reusing of consumer appliances and electronic waste from domestic sources has been taking place successfully. Continual improvement of technology has been one of the unwritten mission statements of the country. MANAGEMENT ASPECTS Japan is a country driven by strong work ethics and management principles. It is no wonder that the various management principles followed by major corporate and manufacturing firms originated from Japan. Chapter 3: Country Analysis 69
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3R in Asia a gap analysis in select
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Rapid economic growth is accompanie
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ii Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Knowledge
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iv Acronyms & Abbreviations 3R Redu
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Foreword Preface Executive Summary
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Enormous challenges in developing a
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Country Highlights in Promoting 3R
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The objective of the analyses was t
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Strong and Weak represent the level
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BACKGROUND Bangladesh has a populat
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HEALTHCARE WASTE Currently, Banglad
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Recycling ULAB Image source: Waste
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CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
Page 29 and 30: BACKGROUND Bhutan is a small landlo
Page 31 and 32: Most of the higher value recyclable
Page 33 and 34: E-WASTE No published information ex
Page 35 and 36: CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
Page 37 and 38: BACKGROUND Brunei Darussalam or Bru
Page 39 and 40: The NCE was established in 1993 by
Page 41 and 42: for health settings but the princip
Page 45 and 46: BACKGROUND Cambodia currently has a
Page 47 and 48: Findings On-going difficulties in s
Page 49 and 50: GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R World
Page 53 and 54: BACKGROUND Referred as ‘workshop
Page 55 and 56: year, an integrated solid waste man
Page 57 and 58: • Weak infrastructure of disposal
Page 59 and 60: TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
Page 61 and 62: Priorities must be set to implement
Page 63 and 64: BACKGROUND Urbanization and uncontr
Page 65 and 66: Quantity and characteristics are tw
Page 67 and 68: The mandate of the National Task Fo
Page 71 and 72: BACKGROUND Indonesia, with over 18,
Page 73 and 74: The Compost Subsidy Project plans t
Page 77 and 78: BACKGROUND Located in the Pacific O
Page 79: Eco-Town at Kitakyushu in Japan The
Page 85 and 86: BACKGROUND With a population of abo
Page 87 and 88: The Ministry of Environment has bee
Page 89 and 90: SOURCES AND QUANTITIES OF HEALTHCAR
Page 91 and 92: The rightful use of appropriate and
Page 93 and 94: BACKGROUND The Lao People’s Democ
Page 95 and 96: In the national level, Science, Tec
Page 97 and 98: Efforts were made by the Government
Page 101 and 102: BACKGROUND With about 330,000 km 2
Page 103 and 104: nationwide. Malaysia has plans to s
Page 105 and 106: and disposal of hazardous waste; in
Page 109 and 110: BACKGROUND Republic of Philippines
Page 111 and 112: Recyclable waste transported from t
Page 113 and 114: Findings About five years ago, the
Page 117 and 118: BACKGROUND Singapore, an island bet
Page 119 and 120: Participation by households increas
Page 121 and 122: Standards Board (now the National S
Page 123 and 124: Presently, the country relies predo
Page 125 and 126: BACKGROUND Thailand is one of the n
Page 127 and 128: Findings Appropriate policies and e
Page 129 and 130: In the industrial sector, e-waste i
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CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
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BACKGROUND In recent decades, Vietn
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opportunity for waste recycling bus
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Findings There is a need to develop
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TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
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Vietnam’s solid waste management
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chapter 4 Conclusions & Recommendat
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ABC news, ‘ E-waste China’ (200
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