A Gap Analysis in Selected Asian Countries, 3R Knowledge Hub ...

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66 3R Gap Analysis and Findings MSW Composition in Japan Source: www.3rkh.net URBAN MUNICIPAL WASTE Over 51 million tons of municipal waste contributes to the waste stream, at an average generation rate of nearly 1.14 kg/capita/day. The waste is segregated into general waste and recyclable waste and is collected separately. The collected general waste is sorted as combustible and bulky. While the combustible waste is sent directly to waste incinerators, the bulky items are compacted before they are sent to the waste incinerators . At the incinerators, the waste is burnt under controlled conditions and energy is recovered from the heat generated. The waste reduced to ash, is then disposed at a landfill site. Estimates show that landfill sites in Japan will last only another 12 years with current municipal waste generation patterns. As a result, Japan is forced to recover a variety of materials through kerbside recycling collection schemes, recovery of recyclable ferrous metals from bulky waste items and through electrical appliance recycling (where televisions, refrigerators, washing machines and computers are recovered for recycling). Considering the growing need to accelerate recycling as a means of solving the waste management crisis, the Government of Japan established Eco-Towns in 1997. MSW Disposal in Japan Source: www.3rkh.net In addition, various laws emphasizing recycling and reuse were enacted. As a result, the actual amount of waste to landfills has been greatly reduced after 2000, and Japan was able to achieve the highest level of resource productivity. Findings Before the creation of eco-towns and the enactment of recycling and reuse oriented laws, general waste was classified as combustible, noncombustible, bulky and recyclable and treated separately. Incineration and landfills were the most preferred modes of disposal, thus creating problems of growing shortage of landfill sites. There has been reduction in waste sent to landfills since 1990 due to promotion of the legislation “Fundamental Law for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society”.
Eco-Town at Kitakyushu in Japan The Eco-Town Project introduced by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) of Japan in 1997 aims to promote a “Zero Emission Society” at local and national levels by creating new environmental towns and introducing advanced technologies for recycling. METI promotes this project to local governments and provides subsidies for the construction of high-tech model recycling facilities and for marketing efforts in the environmental industry. Kitakyushu Eco-Town, located in the eastern part of the Hibiki landfill area in the city of Kitakyushu, is the first of the approved projects and the most symbolic. The project consists of a Comprehensive Environmental Industrial Complex, the Hibiki Recycling Area, and a Practical Research Area. The Comprehensive Environmental Industrial Complex houses recycling projects on Plastic PET Bottle, Office Equipments, Automobiles, Home Appliances, Fluorescent Tubes, Healthcare Wastes and Construction Wastes. The Hibiki Recycling Area contains diverse zones varying from an Automobiles Recycling to Cooking Oil and Fat, Detergent and Organic Solvent, Waste Plastic, Used Paper into Livestock Litter and Empty Can Recycling Project in the Frontier Zone. The Practical Research Area aims to promote the research and development of cutting-edge environmental technologies, by mobilizing various research organizations to demonstrate recycling and waste treatment technologies. Source: Kitakyushu Eco-Town Project The local communities play an active role in promoting the community-based recycling activities. Notably, Japan stands as one of the highest in used paper recycling rates in the world. HEALTHCARE WASTE The generation of healthcare waste in Japan has been reported at 1.2kg/bed/day. Total hospital waste generation in Japan was estimated at about 150,000 tons. Incineration is found to be the most popular method of treating hospital waste. Incinerator capacities Healthcare waste treatment in Japan Method of Treatment Contractors 1 Incineration 360 2 Slagging 7 3 High pressure steam sterilization 3 4 Dry heat sterilization 6 5 Others 6 vary from 0.08 to over 200 tons/day. The majority of incinerators have a capacity of less than five tons/day. Apart from incineration, slagging, and high-pressure steam sterilization, dry heat sterilization is also practiced, to a smaller extent, to treat healthcare wastes. In Japan, the Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law stipulates that hospitals, clinics and other medical institutions are legally responsible for the management of their waste in a manner specified by the law. Infectious waste is legally defined as waste requiring special control. Most hospitals and clinics contract licensed private companies. The healthcare waste generation in 2000 amounted to 149,077 tons in total, and the most popular method of treating healthcare waste is incineration, as shown in Table above. The law requires operators of any incinerator with a capacity of 200kg/hr or more to obtain a construction permit. Findings Japan has been actively progressing in the recycling and reuse of e-waste and other components of household waste. Various laws and attractive policies enforcing, recycling and reuse in the above waste categories are also in place. A systematic approach has been followed in treating the waste from these sources. Nevertheless, wastes from healthcare businesses do not appear to have been adequately addressed. All initiatives focus only on the general waste from municipal sources. Very little information, insufficient to make a conclusion, on 3R initiatives targeting healthcare wastes is available. Chapter 3: Country Analysis 67
Page 2 and 3:
3R in Asia a gap analysis in select
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Rapid economic growth is accompanie
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ii Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Knowledge
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iv Acronyms & Abbreviations 3R Redu
Page 11 and 12:
Foreword Preface Executive Summary
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Enormous challenges in developing a
Page 15 and 16:
Country Highlights in Promoting 3R
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The objective of the analyses was t
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Strong and Weak represent the level
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BACKGROUND Bangladesh has a populat
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HEALTHCARE WASTE Currently, Banglad
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Recycling ULAB Image source: Waste
Page 27 and 28: CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
Page 29 and 30: BACKGROUND Bhutan is a small landlo
Page 31 and 32: Most of the higher value recyclable
Page 33 and 34: E-WASTE No published information ex
Page 37 and 38: BACKGROUND Brunei Darussalam or Bru
Page 39 and 40: The NCE was established in 1993 by
Page 41 and 42: for health settings but the princip
Page 45 and 46: BACKGROUND Cambodia currently has a
Page 47 and 48: Findings On-going difficulties in s
Page 49 and 50: GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R World
Page 53 and 54: BACKGROUND Referred as ‘workshop
Page 55 and 56: year, an integrated solid waste man
Page 57 and 58: • Weak infrastructure of disposal
Page 59 and 60: TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
Page 61 and 62: Priorities must be set to implement
Page 63 and 64: BACKGROUND Urbanization and uncontr
Page 65 and 66: Quantity and characteristics are tw
Page 67 and 68: The mandate of the National Task Fo
Page 71 and 72: BACKGROUND Indonesia, with over 18,
Page 73 and 74: The Compost Subsidy Project plans t
Page 77: BACKGROUND Located in the Pacific O
Page 81 and 82: GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R World
Page 85 and 86: BACKGROUND With a population of abo
Page 87 and 88: The Ministry of Environment has bee
Page 89 and 90: SOURCES AND QUANTITIES OF HEALTHCAR
Page 91 and 92: The rightful use of appropriate and
Page 93 and 94: BACKGROUND The Lao People’s Democ
Page 95 and 96: In the national level, Science, Tec
Page 97 and 98: Efforts were made by the Government
Page 101 and 102: BACKGROUND With about 330,000 km 2
Page 103 and 104: nationwide. Malaysia has plans to s
Page 105 and 106: and disposal of hazardous waste; in
Page 109 and 110: BACKGROUND Republic of Philippines
Page 111 and 112: Recyclable waste transported from t
Page 113 and 114: Findings About five years ago, the
Page 117 and 118: BACKGROUND Singapore, an island bet
Page 119 and 120: Participation by households increas
Page 121 and 122: Standards Board (now the National S
Page 123 and 124: Presently, the country relies predo
Page 125 and 126: BACKGROUND Thailand is one of the n
Page 127 and 128: Findings Appropriate policies and e
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In the industrial sector, e-waste i
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CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
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BACKGROUND In recent decades, Vietn
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opportunity for waste recycling bus
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Findings There is a need to develop
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TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
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Vietnam’s solid waste management
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chapter 4 Conclusions & Recommendat
Page 145 and 146:
ABC news, ‘ E-waste China’ (200
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