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64 3R Gap Analysis and Findings Though Japan has been able to successfully implement a 3Rbased society, its industrial waste is still at stake posing grave threats. Therefore, it is essential that the industrial waste in the country be treated and handled with top priority towards achieving a holistic, closed material cycle country...
BACKGROUND Located in the Pacific Ocean with a population of about 127 million Japan has a total land area of about 380,000 km 2 . The per capita GDP of the country is estimated at US$ 33,100. Excellent government-industry cooperation, strong work ethics, and mastery of high technology, has helped Japan become the second most technologically powerful economy in the world. Japan’s industrial sector is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and fuels. With limited land and resources, the country is still a leader among the Asian countries. The Government of Japan, with its proactive initiatives, has been able to cope with resource constraints while leading the market in all walks of life. The 3R initiative, itself is considered as the brainchild of Japan. PRIORITY AREAS After the economic recession in the last decade, the Japanese government’s main concern was to advance its economic development resulting in policy-enhanced mass production. As a result, the amount of discharged waste increased every year and disposal sites were predicted to be full in a few years. This situation led the Japanese government to shift their policy and make the society more environmentally sound. The Fundamental Law for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society was enacted in 2000. Following this several laws concerning recycling were enacted and enforced. Subsequently, the 3R policy was enacted to create a sustainable society. Despite Japan’s movement toward a closed loop, recycle-based society, the amount of industrial waste has 3.8 Japan remained at around 400 million tons per year during the last 10 years. An issue that has become the focus of Japan is the disposal of its industrial waste. The Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law of 1970 regulates the methods of disposal of certain wastes emitted by factories and businesses, such as soot, sludge, waste oil, discarded plastic, and other wastes. Industrial wastes discharged in Japan amounted to 412 million tons in fiscal 2003, which is about eight times the volume of general waste from homes and offices. Though the country has been able to successfully implement a 3R-based society, its industrial waste is still at stake posing grave threats. Therefore, it is essential that the industrial waste in the country be treated and handled with top priority towards achieving a holistic, closed material cycle country. Chapter 3: Country Analysis 65
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3R in Asia a gap analysis in select
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Rapid economic growth is accompanie
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ii Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Knowledge
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iv Acronyms & Abbreviations 3R Redu
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Foreword Preface Executive Summary
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Enormous challenges in developing a
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Country Highlights in Promoting 3R
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The objective of the analyses was t
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Strong and Weak represent the level
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BACKGROUND Bangladesh has a populat
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HEALTHCARE WASTE Currently, Banglad
Page 25 and 26: Recycling ULAB Image source: Waste
Page 27 and 28: CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
Page 29 and 30: BACKGROUND Bhutan is a small landlo
Page 31 and 32: Most of the higher value recyclable
Page 33 and 34: E-WASTE No published information ex
Page 37 and 38: BACKGROUND Brunei Darussalam or Bru
Page 39 and 40: The NCE was established in 1993 by
Page 41 and 42: for health settings but the princip
Page 45 and 46: BACKGROUND Cambodia currently has a
Page 47 and 48: Findings On-going difficulties in s
Page 49 and 50: GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R World
Page 53 and 54: BACKGROUND Referred as ‘workshop
Page 55 and 56: year, an integrated solid waste man
Page 57 and 58: • Weak infrastructure of disposal
Page 59 and 60: TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
Page 61 and 62: Priorities must be set to implement
Page 63 and 64: BACKGROUND Urbanization and uncontr
Page 65 and 66: Quantity and characteristics are tw
Page 67 and 68: The mandate of the National Task Fo
Page 71 and 72: BACKGROUND Indonesia, with over 18,
Page 73 and 74: The Compost Subsidy Project plans t
Page 75: CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
Page 79 and 80: Eco-Town at Kitakyushu in Japan The
Page 81 and 82: GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R World
Page 85 and 86: BACKGROUND With a population of abo
Page 87 and 88: The Ministry of Environment has bee
Page 89 and 90: SOURCES AND QUANTITIES OF HEALTHCAR
Page 91 and 92: The rightful use of appropriate and
Page 93 and 94: BACKGROUND The Lao People’s Democ
Page 95 and 96: In the national level, Science, Tec
Page 97 and 98: Efforts were made by the Government
Page 101 and 102: BACKGROUND With about 330,000 km 2
Page 103 and 104: nationwide. Malaysia has plans to s
Page 105 and 106: and disposal of hazardous waste; in
Page 109 and 110: BACKGROUND Republic of Philippines
Page 111 and 112: Recyclable waste transported from t
Page 113 and 114: Findings About five years ago, the
Page 117 and 118: BACKGROUND Singapore, an island bet
Page 119 and 120: Participation by households increas
Page 121 and 122: Standards Board (now the National S
Page 123 and 124: Presently, the country relies predo
Page 125 and 126: BACKGROUND Thailand is one of the n
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Findings Appropriate policies and e
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In the industrial sector, e-waste i
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CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
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BACKGROUND In recent decades, Vietn
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opportunity for waste recycling bus
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Findings There is a need to develop
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TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
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Vietnam’s solid waste management
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chapter 4 Conclusions & Recommendat
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ABC news, ‘ E-waste China’ (200
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