A Gap Analysis in Selected Asian Countries, 3R Knowledge Hub ...

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ii Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Knowledge Hub (3RKH), under the patronage of the Asian Development Bank, aims to support and strengthen Asia-Pacific’s regional capacity on generating innovative development concepts and technologies on 3R in developing Asian countries and to promote networking for knowledge dissemination. The 3RKH aims to mainstream new concepts on 3R in innovation, science, technology, management development, and related fields for the region and to promote information exchange. Amidst other activities, the 3RKH conducted a research with the objective of identifying the gaps in implementing 3R-oriented solutions for waste management. The research and its outcomes were documented in the form of a report. The first draft of this report was presented during the 3RKH Inception Workshop, 7 th Asia Pacific Roundtable for Sustainable Consumption and Production at Hanoi, Viet Nam in April 2007. More than 60 delegates from governments, industrial sectors, development agencies and academic institutions took part in this event. Additional information and review comments were solicited from the country representatives and incorporated in the report. This report, titled “3R in Asia – A Gap Analysis in Selected Asian Countries”, discusses the prevailing situation in managing urban municipal waste, healthcare waste and e-waste for 15 countries in the Asian continent, including developed nations such as Japan, Korea and Singapore. The developing countries considered for the study are Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. The report also discusses the priority areas of concern for each country according to the surveyed data and the status of 3R technology. The research indicated that no previous study has been carried out with specific focus on 3R implementation, policy issues and technology status. Therefore, this report is expected to be a good start in providing impetus to enhance the existing good practices and assist in planning technology support and capacity building in developing countries. On behalf of the team, I take this opportunity to thank ADB for sponsoring this project and AIT for providing all the necessary support. We would like to extend our deep gratitude to all agencies, organizations and individuals who have directly or indirectly contributed to the development of this report. Our special appreciations are expressed to Mr. Marc Ruffet and Mr. Anthony D’Agostino, UNEP ROAP and Ms. Regina Cheah, Global Environment Centre, Malaysia for critically reviewing this report. C. Visvanathan Professor and Principal Investigator Environmental Engineering and Management School of Environment, Resources and Development Asian Institute of Technology Preface
Executive Summary Waste generation and its appropriate management have become widely-debated issues across the world. Technology providers, academicians, research institutes, governments, and businesses have joined hands in many ways to solve the waste crisis in an environmentally efficient manner. Overall waste management measures direct responsibilities to both upstream producers and downstream consumers. It is only the composition and amount that varies, but the magnitude of the problem remains the same or at least on a common scale, meaning that everyone in the society has common but differentiated responsibilities. Until recent years, methods of waste management and disposal were merely looking at ‘disposal or getting rid of’. With compounding problems of decreasing landfill and dumpsite areas, alternative methods need to be adopted to reduce the volume of waste generated. Above all are the rapidly depleting resources, fuel reserves, minerals and ores. Comprehensive solutions, taking into consideration the stress posed on the environment and ecosystem, is essential to ensure sustainable development. The 3Rs - Reduce, Reuse and Recycle - are observed to be the buzzwords of waste management in the developed countries of the present day. This book aims at presenting to a wider audience the results of the study conducted on analyzing the technological, management and policy gaps in implementing the 3Rs of waste management in some Asian countries. The gap analysis was performed for 15 countries in the Asian continent, including developed nations such as Japan, Korea and Singapore. The developing countries considered for the study are Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. Evidently, the developed countries have achieved remarkable progress in implementing 3R. With the favorable cooperation of government and policymakers, these countries have been able to visualize and achieve positive milestones in 3R. Most of the waste management options have 3R principles underlying in it thus fostering its development. Though not deliberate, some of the measures have yielded tremendous results in this group of countries. The developing countries considered in this study demonstrate enormous scope for improvement as far as waste handling and management is concerned. Most of these countries do practice the 3Rs of waste management, not as an organized and formal way of waste management, but as a means of livelihood, either by waste scavenging or down cycling of segregated solid waste. Clearly, in all these countries, the 3R are still informal. Lack of awareness of environmental and health issues, absence of technological guidance and zero policy and legislative support are some of the speculated reasons for mushrooming of such informal sector operations. Technology transfer, awareness raising, community participation, public private partnerships and above all, efficient and effective outreach of research initiatives on 3R are vital to move towards a sound material-cycle society. iii
Page 2 and 3: 3R in Asia a gap analysis in select
Page 4 and 5: Rapid economic growth is accompanie
Page 8 and 9: iv Acronyms & Abbreviations 3R Redu
Page 11 and 12: Foreword Preface Executive Summary
Page 13 and 14: Enormous challenges in developing a
Page 15 and 16: Country Highlights in Promoting 3R
Page 17 and 18: The objective of the analyses was t
Page 19 and 20: Strong and Weak represent the level
Page 21 and 22: BACKGROUND Bangladesh has a populat
Page 23 and 24: HEALTHCARE WASTE Currently, Banglad
Page 25 and 26: Recycling ULAB Image source: Waste
Page 27 and 28: CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
Page 29 and 30: BACKGROUND Bhutan is a small landlo
Page 31 and 32: Most of the higher value recyclable
Page 33 and 34: E-WASTE No published information ex
Page 37 and 38: BACKGROUND Brunei Darussalam or Bru
Page 39 and 40: The NCE was established in 1993 by
Page 41 and 42: for health settings but the princip
Page 45 and 46: BACKGROUND Cambodia currently has a
Page 47 and 48: Findings On-going difficulties in s
Page 49 and 50: GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R World
Page 53 and 54: BACKGROUND Referred as ‘workshop
Page 55 and 56: year, an integrated solid waste man
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• Weak infrastructure of disposal
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TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
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Priorities must be set to implement
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BACKGROUND Urbanization and uncontr
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Quantity and characteristics are tw
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The mandate of the National Task Fo
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CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
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BACKGROUND Indonesia, with over 18,
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The Compost Subsidy Project plans t
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BACKGROUND Located in the Pacific O
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Eco-Town at Kitakyushu in Japan The
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GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R World
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BACKGROUND With a population of abo
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The Ministry of Environment has bee
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SOURCES AND QUANTITIES OF HEALTHCAR
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The rightful use of appropriate and
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BACKGROUND The Lao People’s Democ
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In the national level, Science, Tec
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Efforts were made by the Government
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BACKGROUND With about 330,000 km 2
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nationwide. Malaysia has plans to s
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and disposal of hazardous waste; in
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BACKGROUND Republic of Philippines
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Recyclable waste transported from t
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Findings About five years ago, the
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BACKGROUND Singapore, an island bet
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Participation by households increas
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Standards Board (now the National S
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Presently, the country relies predo
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BACKGROUND Thailand is one of the n
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Findings Appropriate policies and e
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In the industrial sector, e-waste i
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BACKGROUND In recent decades, Vietn
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opportunity for waste recycling bus
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Findings There is a need to develop
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TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
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Vietnam’s solid waste management
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chapter 4 Conclusions & Recommendat
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ABC news, ‘ E-waste China’ (200
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