A Gap Analysis in Selected Asian Countries, 3R Knowledge Hub ...

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Rapid economic growth is accompanied by a corresponding rise in resource consumption and environmental degradation. As estimated by the World Bank in 2004, urban authorities in Asia spend 50-70% of their revenues on waste management and the effect of neglecting the environment costs an average of 5% of the GDP...
Solid waste generation and its management is being widely debated across the world in various events, from local forums to international conferences and summits. Solid waste management has become a niche spot in the recent years. Technology providers, research institutes, academicians, manufacturers and consumers have joined hands to offer economically viable, socially acceptable and technologically sustainable solutions. Managing solid waste cannot be single-handedly done by the smallest administrative unit of a town or even by the federal government. It has to be a concerted effort of all the stakeholders; from waste generators to municipal administrations to technology providers. Realizing the need for cross-sectoral participation and the diverse roles of stakeholders, the 3R Initiative was proposed by the Japanese Government aiming to build a sound material-cycle society through the effective use of resources and materials. Gaining further momentum, it was agreed as an Initiative of the G8 during the Sea Island Summit in June 2004. Since then, the Initiative had taken several forms and shapes through a line of events such as the 3R Ministerial Conference hosted by the Government of Japan in April 2005 and the Senior Officials Meeting on 3R in March 2006. Reaffirming the role of 3Rs as a strategic solution to the waste crisis, the Asian Development Bank decided to establish the 3R Knowledge Hub (3RKH) through its “Technical Assistance for the Establishment of Regional Knowledge Hub”. The 3RKH is jointly hosted by United Nations Environment Programme, Regional Resource Centre for Asia and the Pacific and Asian Institute of Technology in collaboration with the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and United Nations Environment Programme, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Situated in the sprawling campus of Asian Institute of Technology, the 3RKH functions with specific objectives on growth of identified 3R knowledge and technologies and disseminating the same to a wider audience. This report, a landmark research product of the 3RKH, aims to present the prevailing technology, management and policy gaps to 3R implementation in selected Asian countries. The core contents of the report analyze at depth the currents on how waste is managed. Looking at the threats and widespread nature of the issues, the report focuses specifically on urban municipal waste, healthcare waste and e-waste. The report addresses the comprehensive chain of action on the management of waste from collection to final disposal and the treatment technologies adopted at various stages. With an understanding that management and policy measures are equally important in addressing waste related issues, the report discusses the current scenario in these aspects as well. Finally, the report places specific recommendations to the stakeholders thus enabling them to move towards a sound material-cycle society, as envisioned by the forerunners of the 3R activities. Though the focus countries of the 3RKH are primarily from Asia, we trust that the 3RKH contributes to promoting 3R in a wider scope of countries by working together with partners and providing knowledge services for a resource efficient and environmentally sustainable society. Takashi Ohmura Environment Specialist Environment and Social Safeguard Division Regional and Sustainable Development Department Asian Development Bank Foreword i
Page 2 and 3: 3R in Asia a gap analysis in select
Page 6 and 7: ii Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Knowledge
Page 8 and 9: iv Acronyms & Abbreviations 3R Redu
Page 11 and 12: Foreword Preface Executive Summary
Page 13 and 14: Enormous challenges in developing a
Page 15 and 16: Country Highlights in Promoting 3R
Page 17 and 18: The objective of the analyses was t
Page 19 and 20: Strong and Weak represent the level
Page 21 and 22: BACKGROUND Bangladesh has a populat
Page 23 and 24: HEALTHCARE WASTE Currently, Banglad
Page 25 and 26: Recycling ULAB Image source: Waste
Page 27 and 28: CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
Page 29 and 30: BACKGROUND Bhutan is a small landlo
Page 31 and 32: Most of the higher value recyclable
Page 33 and 34: E-WASTE No published information ex
Page 37 and 38: BACKGROUND Brunei Darussalam or Bru
Page 39 and 40: The NCE was established in 1993 by
Page 41 and 42: for health settings but the princip
Page 45 and 46: BACKGROUND Cambodia currently has a
Page 47 and 48: Findings On-going difficulties in s
Page 49 and 50: GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R World
Page 53 and 54: BACKGROUND Referred as ‘workshop
Page 55 and 56:
year, an integrated solid waste man
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• Weak infrastructure of disposal
Page 59 and 60:
TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
Page 61 and 62:
Priorities must be set to implement
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BACKGROUND Urbanization and uncontr
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Quantity and characteristics are tw
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The mandate of the National Task Fo
Page 69 and 70:
CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
Page 71 and 72:
BACKGROUND Indonesia, with over 18,
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The Compost Subsidy Project plans t
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
BACKGROUND Located in the Pacific O
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Eco-Town at Kitakyushu in Japan The
Page 81 and 82:
GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R World
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
BACKGROUND With a population of abo
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The Ministry of Environment has bee
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SOURCES AND QUANTITIES OF HEALTHCAR
Page 91 and 92:
The rightful use of appropriate and
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BACKGROUND The Lao People’s Democ
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In the national level, Science, Tec
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Efforts were made by the Government
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
BACKGROUND With about 330,000 km 2
Page 103 and 104:
nationwide. Malaysia has plans to s
Page 105 and 106:
and disposal of hazardous waste; in
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
BACKGROUND Republic of Philippines
Page 111 and 112:
Recyclable waste transported from t
Page 113 and 114:
Findings About five years ago, the
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
BACKGROUND Singapore, an island bet
Page 119 and 120:
Participation by households increas
Page 121 and 122:
Standards Board (now the National S
Page 123 and 124:
Presently, the country relies predo
Page 125 and 126:
BACKGROUND Thailand is one of the n
Page 127 and 128:
Findings Appropriate policies and e
Page 129 and 130:
In the industrial sector, e-waste i
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
BACKGROUND In recent decades, Vietn
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opportunity for waste recycling bus
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Findings There is a need to develop
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TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
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Vietnam’s solid waste management
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chapter 4 Conclusions & Recommendat
Page 145 and 146:
ABC news, ‘ E-waste China’ (200
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