A Gap Analysis in Selected Asian Countries, 3R Knowledge Hub ...

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20 3R Gap Analysis and Findings Its protection from moisture and rainwater, transportation cost and risk of fire hazards make paper scrap business unattractive. The Army Welfare Project (AWP) Samtse Unit recycles certain quantities of carton boxes. However, low return value, high storage liability and high transportation cost discourages AWP collection and recycling of the cardboard boxes. Community participation Image Source: Mr. Nado Rinchen, Asia 3R Conference, Tokyo 2006 Reusable plastics are used extensively as wrapping materials and carrying bags. However, most imported goods come wrapped in plastics and many wrappers are not reusable. After removal of the contents, plastics constitute significantly the collected waste and the littering seen around the city. Other than exporting recyclable plastics across the border, there are no plastic recycling mechanisms within the country. This leaves most of the plastics going to disposal sites or littering into open space. With proper research and some technical innovations there is a potential for recycling plastics wastes at the RSA Poly Products Private Limited in Phuentsholing. The company manufactures Poly film and Texturized Yarn from imported LDPE granules and POY granules respectively. Lack of Materials Recovery Facilities and waste segregation systems exist. Lack of initiatives are also taken to promote the “junkshop” approach as of now. No private partnership has been encouraged in the waste management systems. As such, in the absence of collective efforts, reduction of waste quantities going to the disposal sites and improving the city cleanliness has not been significantly successful. Solid wastes and stray dogs management has been attracting continuous tourist complains and media coverage in the kingdom lately. HEALTHCARE WASTE There are about five hospitals in Thimphu; Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral (JDWNR) hospital, Basic Health Unit (BHU) at Dechencholing, Outreach Clinic (ORC) at Motithang, Indian Military hospital near the main town and the Dantak hospital at Babesa. Information access to the two Indian government hospitals is restricted. Even for national hospitals, the primary data collection is limited for some logistic formalities. The information on infectious wastes is presented in the following table. Healthcare Waste Generation in Thimphu Findings Type of Facility Government Health Centers Total Infectious Waste (kg/day) 2.50 0.10 2.60 Initially, the JDWNR Hospital had an incineration plant to incinerate infectious healthcare wastes. Lately, the incineration plant has not been functioning and the Health Ministry did not attempt to renovate it. The Ministry’s new policy does not encourage promoting incineration. Currently, 100% disinfection of waste is carried out and disposed into the municipal waste collection bins. A guideline is almost formalized for the medical waste management and a pharmaceutical waste management guideline is being developed. The healthcare waste management guideline mainly encourages encapsulation of the medical wastes for disposal at the dumpsites. 28 1 29 Sharp (kg/day) Total (kg/day) 31.00 0.75 31.75
E-WASTE No published information exists on estimation of quantity and disposition of e-wastes in the country. The informal reports state that the country imports substantial quantities of electronic and electrical devices, but everything goes back across the border for major repairs or as scrap when it gets obsolete. Findings Only very few minor repair shops exist in the country. Government agencies are the major users of computers, printers and telecommunication facilities. The Department of National Properties receive/collect all the discarded government properties including cars and electric/electronic items. It is then sold to private buyers through open auctions either as reusable items or as scrap material. The private parties then send it across the border for major repairs or as scrap materials. The electrical/electronic goods procured by the international agencies, private agencies and individual households go to secondhand buyers. When it gets obsolete or requires major repairs, it goes across the border, mainly to India. GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R It is widely understood that applying 3Rs is an innovative achievement towards tackling waste challenges. The success of MSW management, however, is subjected to proper assessment of available technology and institutions that has proactive policies and relevant legislations emphasizing 3R-based solutions. Recycling is a technological ability, whereas reduce and reuse are management or policy oriented tools. In Bhutan, recycling issues were addressed as early as 1992 in the project document of the solid waste management for Thimphu City, but it lacked in implementation. This perhaps could be due to primitive technological options and insufficient awareness of the concept among national policymakers and during implementation Other than the National Strategy & Action Plan for the Integrated Solid Waste Management developed by the Ministry of Works and Human Settlement (MoWHS) with assistance from UNEP, no national policy papers address MSW management and, specifically, the 3Rs issue. TECHNOLOGY GAPS For a landlocked mountainous terrain country highly dependent on imported commodities, it is essential that appropriate technology be applied to tackle waste management problems; at the source as well as at the intermediate and the disposal management systems. The long distance and high gradient mountain terrain roads coupled with road maintenance conditions escalates transportation cost. The single location of the disposal site also increases the transportation distance from most of the suburbs. Scarcity of manpower especially skilled workers willing to work in waste management is another daunting challenge. Isolation of the disposal sites into the forest loses sight and attention of the influential policy makers on solid waste management issues. Location of disposal sitesin upstream water catchment areas the risk of pollution and contamination. The need of decentralized appropriate waste management centers, waste separation at source to ease waste management, establishment of transfer stations to reduce transportation cost and facilitate waste purification, location of waste management centers in visible areas to attract attention of all and downstream to reduce exposure to population are seen as crucial steps to address waste issues in Bhutan. MANAGEMENT ASPECTS Other than the Environmental Code of Practice (ECoP) developed by the NEC in 2000 and the Strategy & Action Plan for ISWM developed by MoWHS in 2006, no solid waste management specific policy exist. The policy documents mainly focuse on forest and bio-diversity conservation. A solid waste management policy or legislative tool addressing trading and incountry business system, people’s participation and responsibilities towards achieving sustainable solid waste management is urgently required in the country. The following tables present an overview of the management, legislative and policy aspects of the country. Few specific steps required to improve the solid waste management situation in the country are highlighted below: • Sorting out the differences amongst the involving agencies and making the composting plant at Serbithang functional, Chapter 3: Country Analysis 21
Page 2 and 3: 3R in Asia a gap analysis in select
Page 4 and 5: Rapid economic growth is accompanie
Page 6 and 7: ii Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Knowledge
Page 8 and 9: iv Acronyms & Abbreviations 3R Redu
Page 11 and 12: Foreword Preface Executive Summary
Page 13 and 14: Enormous challenges in developing a
Page 15 and 16: Country Highlights in Promoting 3R
Page 17 and 18: The objective of the analyses was t
Page 19 and 20: Strong and Weak represent the level
Page 21 and 22: BACKGROUND Bangladesh has a populat
Page 23 and 24: HEALTHCARE WASTE Currently, Banglad
Page 25 and 26: Recycling ULAB Image source: Waste
Page 27 and 28: CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
Page 29 and 30: BACKGROUND Bhutan is a small landlo
Page 31: Most of the higher value recyclable
Page 37 and 38: BACKGROUND Brunei Darussalam or Bru
Page 39 and 40: The NCE was established in 1993 by
Page 41 and 42: for health settings but the princip
Page 45 and 46: BACKGROUND Cambodia currently has a
Page 47 and 48: Findings On-going difficulties in s
Page 49 and 50: GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R World
Page 53 and 54: BACKGROUND Referred as ‘workshop
Page 55 and 56: year, an integrated solid waste man
Page 57 and 58: • Weak infrastructure of disposal
Page 59 and 60: TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
Page 61 and 62: Priorities must be set to implement
Page 63 and 64: BACKGROUND Urbanization and uncontr
Page 65 and 66: Quantity and characteristics are tw
Page 67 and 68: The mandate of the National Task Fo
Page 71 and 72: BACKGROUND Indonesia, with over 18,
Page 73 and 74: The Compost Subsidy Project plans t
Page 77 and 78: BACKGROUND Located in the Pacific O
Page 79 and 80: Eco-Town at Kitakyushu in Japan The
Page 81 and 82: GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R World
Page 83 and 84:
CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
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BACKGROUND With a population of abo
Page 87 and 88:
The Ministry of Environment has bee
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SOURCES AND QUANTITIES OF HEALTHCAR
Page 91 and 92:
The rightful use of appropriate and
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BACKGROUND The Lao People’s Democ
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In the national level, Science, Tec
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Efforts were made by the Government
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Page 101 and 102:
BACKGROUND With about 330,000 km 2
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nationwide. Malaysia has plans to s
Page 105 and 106:
and disposal of hazardous waste; in
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
BACKGROUND Republic of Philippines
Page 111 and 112:
Recyclable waste transported from t
Page 113 and 114:
Findings About five years ago, the
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Page 117 and 118:
BACKGROUND Singapore, an island bet
Page 119 and 120:
Participation by households increas
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Standards Board (now the National S
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Presently, the country relies predo
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BACKGROUND Thailand is one of the n
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Findings Appropriate policies and e
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In the industrial sector, e-waste i
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BACKGROUND In recent decades, Vietn
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opportunity for waste recycling bus
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Findings There is a need to develop
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TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
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Vietnam’s solid waste management
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chapter 4 Conclusions & Recommendat
Page 145 and 146:
ABC news, ‘ E-waste China’ (200
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