A Gap Analysis in Selected Asian Countries, 3R Knowledge Hub ...

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18 3R Gap Analysis and Findings Before 1992, individual household disposal of the wastes into the nearby streams and open spaces prevailed. Small quantities and decomposting organic content/waste/material dominating solid waste may not have posed serious social threats those days to attract prior attention of the government. By April 2005, Phuentsokling (the second biggest town and the commercial hub of the kingdom) through DANIDA assistance developed a similar municipal solid waste disposal site at Toribari, about eight kilometers away from the town. The Phuentsokling waste disposal yard had an additional facility of a concrete pit for the disposal of the hazardous wastes (mainly the healthcare wastes). Also, as a component of the World Bank-assisted Urban Development Project (1999-2004), 10 municipal areas in eight districts developed urban municipal solid disposal sites. The rest of urban and rural areas still do not have specified waste disposal yards. URBAN MUNICIPAL WASTE The rate of solid waste generation is also unknown in absence of reliable sources of information. The 1992 project document on solid waste management for Thimphu reported as 0.7 kg/capita/day after evaluating the carrying capacity and life span of Memelakha waste disposal site. Otherwise, there is insufficient information to indicate waste generation at the source point. Given the urban population figure of Thimphu as 79,185 for 2005 and the collected waste quantity as 36.7 tons for the same year, the per capita waste generation can be derived as 0.5 kg/person/day. However, this is not a reliable derivation for the reason that 36.7 tons does not represent 100% waste collection. In the absence of a segregated waste data, it is difficult to confirm the composition of waste and suggest appropriate 3R techniques. The common perception being a developing country and from visual observations, the prevailing estimate is around 40% organic waste. The Policy Framework for Solid Waste Management, published by the Royal Society for Protection of Nature in 2006 focusing on public-private partnership for urban Municipal solid waste attracting scavengers Image source: 3R S.A. Expert Workshop Proceeding, Kathmandu, Nepal 2006 environment stated that Thimphu and Phuentsholing in 2005 collected 36.7 and 24.8 tons of solid wastes respectively per year. However, it does not specify any waste composition. Thus, it becomes difficult to verify waste management options. Findings As mandated by the Municipal Act of Bhutan, 1999, the waste collection and disposal responsibility solely depends on the municipal authorities. Thimphu City Corporation is solely responsible for MSW management of Thimphu city. It spends around BTN 2 million (approximately USD 55,000) annually for the collection and disposal of MSW. A formal waste segregation system is yet to be initiated. Municipal workers daily collect commingled wastes from all sources, wherever accessible. Various types of waste collection bins are provided by the municipal authorities in the streets and the road tri-junctions to facilitate waste collection from the individual sources. The waste picker trucks and the laborers of the municipal authorities then collect and transport the containers to the respective disposal sites. There is no information on waste generation of the various sources too.
Most of the higher value recyclable wastes such as metal pieces, cans and beer bottles, are traded informally by the scavengers and by the respective business entrepreneurs under the retail business licenses across the border to India and Bangladesh. Very few formal wastes dealers licensed as scrap dealers exist in Bhutan, like; two in Thimphu and one in Phuentsholing. The scavengers first collect recyclable wastes from the waste collection bins for either selling to the scrap dealers or informally trading across the border. The municipal waste collectors then separate the recyclable products in the process of collecting, transporting and disposing the wastes. They either sell it to the scrap dealers or trade informally across the border for their additional income. The formal scrap dealers too trade the collected scraps across the border. Two steel and iron industries set-up in Kamji and Pasakha in the south started to purchase some metal scraps from the formal as well as informal metal scrap dealers. Otherwise, very limited recycling plants exist in the country. The only successful waste management venture was the wood sawdust management from the sawmills. There are few sawmills and woodcraft workshops within the Thimphu municipal area and until lately, sawdust was a concern to the authorities and the public alike. Now, with various sawdust recycling ventures (fuel-wood briquetting and compressed board production), the sawdust problem has subsided. The government had initiated to setup a composting plant for managing the organic wastes of Thimphu at Serbithang under the DANIDA assistance. However, operation of the plant did not materialize for some logistical gaps between the involving agencies towards the completion of the project. An electricity supply substation construction and the access road pitching could not be completed to fully equip the plant for operation. Cutting the PET bottles to pellets for sale across the border for recycling has been initiated recently in Paro and Thimphu. It is expected to reduce substantially quantity of PET bottles going to the waste disposal sites in the near future. The National Environment Commission initiated the plant in Paro and the Thimphu City Corporation in Thimphu. The agro industry in Serbithang which bottles mineral water has recently procured a machine for cutting PET bottles into pellets and has plans to procure more machines for distribution to their sale depot agencies throughout the country. During the waste survey at the Memelakha disposal site, paper carton boxes, white paper and plastic wastes were observed. The bettlenut cover, which cannot be easily composted constituted significantly in the organic wastes component. A private entrepreneur, Jungshi Paper Industry has initiated a paper recycling plant in Jemina, about 20 km from Thimphu town. It lacks manpower and transportation facilities to collect and transport raw materials to the plant. The government/private institutions also need to support the company by providing segregated paper wastes at source points. One prominent reuse of the papers as of now is wrapping small purchases from the retail shops. Cardboard (carton) boxes are stacked in the scrap dealer yards for export across the border. One Scrap dealer in Thimphu, Karma Scrap mentioned that in the absence of inadequate space for construction of proper storage sheds, makes paper waste business including cardboard boxes is unattractive. Overflowing dumpsite with urban waste Image source: Mr. Nado Rinchen, Asia 3R Conference, Tokyo 2006 Chapter 3: Country Analysis 19
Page 2 and 3: 3R in Asia a gap analysis in select
Page 4 and 5: Rapid economic growth is accompanie
Page 6 and 7: ii Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Knowledge
Page 8 and 9: iv Acronyms & Abbreviations 3R Redu
Page 11 and 12: Foreword Preface Executive Summary
Page 13 and 14: Enormous challenges in developing a
Page 15 and 16: Country Highlights in Promoting 3R
Page 17 and 18: The objective of the analyses was t
Page 19 and 20: Strong and Weak represent the level
Page 21 and 22: BACKGROUND Bangladesh has a populat
Page 23 and 24: HEALTHCARE WASTE Currently, Banglad
Page 25 and 26: Recycling ULAB Image source: Waste
Page 27 and 28: CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
Page 29: BACKGROUND Bhutan is a small landlo
Page 33 and 34: E-WASTE No published information ex
Page 37 and 38: BACKGROUND Brunei Darussalam or Bru
Page 39 and 40: The NCE was established in 1993 by
Page 41 and 42: for health settings but the princip
Page 45 and 46: BACKGROUND Cambodia currently has a
Page 47 and 48: Findings On-going difficulties in s
Page 49 and 50: GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R World
Page 53 and 54: BACKGROUND Referred as ‘workshop
Page 55 and 56: year, an integrated solid waste man
Page 57 and 58: • Weak infrastructure of disposal
Page 59 and 60: TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
Page 61 and 62: Priorities must be set to implement
Page 63 and 64: BACKGROUND Urbanization and uncontr
Page 65 and 66: Quantity and characteristics are tw
Page 67 and 68: The mandate of the National Task Fo
Page 71 and 72: BACKGROUND Indonesia, with over 18,
Page 73 and 74: The Compost Subsidy Project plans t
Page 77 and 78: BACKGROUND Located in the Pacific O
Page 79 and 80: Eco-Town at Kitakyushu in Japan The
Page 81 and 82:
GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R World
Page 83 and 84:
CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
Page 85 and 86:
BACKGROUND With a population of abo
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The Ministry of Environment has bee
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SOURCES AND QUANTITIES OF HEALTHCAR
Page 91 and 92:
The rightful use of appropriate and
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BACKGROUND The Lao People’s Democ
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In the national level, Science, Tec
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Efforts were made by the Government
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
BACKGROUND With about 330,000 km 2
Page 103 and 104:
nationwide. Malaysia has plans to s
Page 105 and 106:
and disposal of hazardous waste; in
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
BACKGROUND Republic of Philippines
Page 111 and 112:
Recyclable waste transported from t
Page 113 and 114:
Findings About five years ago, the
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
BACKGROUND Singapore, an island bet
Page 119 and 120:
Participation by households increas
Page 121 and 122:
Standards Board (now the National S
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Presently, the country relies predo
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BACKGROUND Thailand is one of the n
Page 127 and 128:
Findings Appropriate policies and e
Page 129 and 130:
In the industrial sector, e-waste i
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
BACKGROUND In recent decades, Vietn
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opportunity for waste recycling bus
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Findings There is a need to develop
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TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
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Vietnam’s solid waste management
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chapter 4 Conclusions & Recommendat
Page 145 and 146:
ABC news, ‘ E-waste China’ (200
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