A Gap Analysis in Selected Asian Countries, 3R Knowledge Hub ...

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3R Gap Analysis and Findings INFORMATION SOURCES Owing to the sensitivity of the gap analysis and its likely impacts on future decisions, the choice of data and information sources were limited and restricted to those considered official or are endorsed by the respective governments. The main source of documents for the Gap Analysis were those presented and circulated in the various line of events on the 3R, such as the: • Ministerial Conference on the 3R Initiative April 2005, Tokyo, Japan • 3R Senior Officials Meeting, March 2006, Tokyo, Japan • 3R South Asia Workshop, August 2006, Katmandu, Nepal • Asia 3R Conference, November 2006, Tokyo, Japan • 3R South East Asia Workshop, February 2007, Manila, Philippines In addition to the above conference proceedings, websites of the respective national governments, multilateral agencies and line organizations provided reliable information for use in the gap analysis. Reports of Government Agencies and Departments were also referred to cross-check the validity of the information obtained from other sources. The valuable contribution of published literatures in Journals, Periodicals and Policy Briefs was of great use in obtaining regional information and the perspective of regional experts and researchers on 3R. Documents and reports of Regional and International NGOs provided critical perspectives of the current situation. STRUCTURE OF COUNTRY REPORTS The country reports have been designed to first provide an overview of the country by presenting some macro-economic information to provide a general picture. The next section of the report discusses the identified priority areas for waste management. The following priority areas identified vary at large: urban municipal waste, healthcare waste and e-waste. Eventually, the priority areas have been identified rationally, based on the severity of the problem, nature of threats, prevailing situation and current practices in tackling the issue. The reason for presenting the priority 6 areas is to bring light to other wastes that have been posing threats. The subsequent sections of the report, containing the gap analysis are structured to present the status of the situation. An analysis of the status evokes various thoughts. The findings at the end of each waste sector discuss these thoughts in a systematic manner. Following the results of the analysis, an evaluation of the status was done to crystallize the results and present it in a form easy to understand and interpret. This was done by displaying the results in a tabulated form. Both prevailing technology and its appropriate management are essential for successful implementation. Considering this, two tables were designed to present the information and reflect the findings in an understandable way. DESCRIPTION OF LEGENDS USED IN THE TABLES TECHNOLOGY ASPECTS Formal and Informal denote the existence of regulations, laws and rules to govern an activity. An activity is said to be Formal, if it has specific laws and rules that mandate, enforce, encourage and allow the activity within a specified regulatory framework. For example, the National Recycling Program, 2001 targeting urban municipal waste is backed by the government’s policies. As a spin off, many activities originating from this Program have contributed to the overall recycling rate in the country. An Informal activity is one that does not have any law, rule or guiding policy, still the activity might be happening by itself. For example, sorting of urban municipal waste in India is a source of livelihood for many scavenging communities. Yet, there are no regulations or laws to safeguard the interests of these communities. These activities happen regardless of the governing regulations and hence making them informal activities.
Strong and Weak represent the level and scale of a particular activity. A Strong activity is one that is carried out at full swing such as an independent business. In this case, the activity, in most of the cases uses stateof-the art technologies. For example, in Japan, material recovery from e-waste is an activity that has received impetus from the private sector. Organized and professionally managed enterprises, with appropriate technologies make them an independent business sector. A Weak activity represents one that is carriedout at micro and meso scales, often for livelihood purposes. Weak activities generally use primitive technologies and often operate haphazardly. In Bangladesh, for instance, recycling of used lead acid batteries is an activity that has a policy underway. In most cases, the recycling is done in a haphazard manner. The level of technology and the scale of operations adopted make it a weak activity. FORMAL BUT WEAK Illustration of legends in the Table Formal Informal Where no law or rule exists and the practice is totally absent, it is assumed to be a gap. Accordingly, any 3R-related activity can be positioned based on their formal, informal or strong and weak nature. In the Philippines, the reported voluntary initiatives, adequately address 3R-oriented measures, but may not be deliberate. The current voluntary initiatives are considered sufficient to effect the shift towards 3R. Insufficient denotes that the particular aspect partially addresses 3R, but may not be enough to initiate 3R-oriented activities. In Malaysia, for example, the prevailing management measures are not adequate to implement 3R. Ideally, a Gap, denotes a missing aspect that is considered essential to initiate 3R-oriented activities. Weak Strong GAP INFORMAL BUT WEAK FORMAL AND STRONG INFORMAL AND STRONG Chapter 2: Methodology 7
Page 2 and 3: 3R in Asia a gap analysis in select
Page 4 and 5: Rapid economic growth is accompanie
Page 6 and 7: ii Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Knowledge
Page 8 and 9: iv Acronyms & Abbreviations 3R Redu
Page 11 and 12: Foreword Preface Executive Summary
Page 13 and 14: Enormous challenges in developing a
Page 15 and 16: Country Highlights in Promoting 3R
Page 17: The objective of the analyses was t
Page 21 and 22: BACKGROUND Bangladesh has a populat
Page 23 and 24: HEALTHCARE WASTE Currently, Banglad
Page 25 and 26: Recycling ULAB Image source: Waste
Page 27 and 28: CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
Page 29 and 30: BACKGROUND Bhutan is a small landlo
Page 31 and 32: Most of the higher value recyclable
Page 33 and 34: E-WASTE No published information ex
Page 37 and 38: BACKGROUND Brunei Darussalam or Bru
Page 39 and 40: The NCE was established in 1993 by
Page 41 and 42: for health settings but the princip
Page 45 and 46: BACKGROUND Cambodia currently has a
Page 47 and 48: Findings On-going difficulties in s
Page 49 and 50: GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R World
Page 53 and 54: BACKGROUND Referred as ‘workshop
Page 55 and 56: year, an integrated solid waste man
Page 57 and 58: • Weak infrastructure of disposal
Page 59 and 60: TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
Page 61 and 62: Priorities must be set to implement
Page 63 and 64: BACKGROUND Urbanization and uncontr
Page 65 and 66: Quantity and characteristics are tw
Page 67 and 68: The mandate of the National Task Fo
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CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
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BACKGROUND Indonesia, with over 18,
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The Compost Subsidy Project plans t
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BACKGROUND Located in the Pacific O
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Eco-Town at Kitakyushu in Japan The
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GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R World
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BACKGROUND With a population of abo
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The Ministry of Environment has bee
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SOURCES AND QUANTITIES OF HEALTHCAR
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The rightful use of appropriate and
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BACKGROUND The Lao People’s Democ
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In the national level, Science, Tec
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Efforts were made by the Government
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BACKGROUND With about 330,000 km 2
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nationwide. Malaysia has plans to s
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and disposal of hazardous waste; in
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BACKGROUND Republic of Philippines
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Recyclable waste transported from t
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Findings About five years ago, the
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BACKGROUND Singapore, an island bet
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Participation by households increas
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Standards Board (now the National S
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Presently, the country relies predo
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BACKGROUND Thailand is one of the n
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Findings Appropriate policies and e
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In the industrial sector, e-waste i
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BACKGROUND In recent decades, Vietn
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opportunity for waste recycling bus
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Findings There is a need to develop
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TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
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Vietnam’s solid waste management
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chapter 4 Conclusions & Recommendat
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ABC news, ‘ E-waste China’ (200
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