A Gap Analysis in Selected Asian Countries, 3R Knowledge Hub ...
A Gap Analysis in Selected Asian Countries, 3R Knowledge Hub ... A Gap Analysis in Selected Asian Countries, 3R Knowledge Hub ...
3R Gap Analysis and Findings 2 passed on from father to son. These techniques now remain useless when confronted with urban waste. These sudden shifts in the culture have brought along various challenges and chaos in solid waste management. It also makes clear the fact that the “business-as-usual” scenario cannot continue in Asian countries as long as the current waste disposal and treatment system prevail. These compounding wastes grimly remind all stakeholders to adopt and implement 3R initiatives at both-ends, upstream production and downstream consumption. Executable and feasible technology frameworks should be developed. Prior to that, studies should be conducted to assess the gaps and prevailing treatment situations. This report attempts to give a broader picture of the ongoing 3R implementation in some Asian countries. Wastes from three major sources (urban municipal waste, healthcare waste and e-waste) have been considered. This report does not discuss or comment on any policy dialogues referring Urban residuals or Shifting cultures? Image source: www.3rkh.net to Transboundary Movement of recyclable or hazardous waste but might use some figures to elaborate the scale of recycling and downcycling operations in the developing countries. It is prepared with the full intention of identifying the break points or gaps that result to wide spread informal activities and practices. It was observed that in most of the studied countries, informal activities highly dominate due to lack of funding, government initiation, lapse in policy and public ignorance on waste management issues. Weak activities (for livelihood purposes) adopting primitive technologies and operating in a haphazard manner at the micro and meso scales are common. Unlike those in developed countries, certain waste treatment technologies are insignificant in the study countries and have proved to be a failure due to level of maintenance, public opposition, operating budget and waste composition.
Country Highlights in Promoting 3R Initiatives China: China has been promoting policies blending market promotion, regulatory control and public participation for the development of a circular economy, with cleaner production and waste management integrated into legislation. Progress has been made in pilot projects at the industrial level, industrial demo-parks and construction of circular economy pilot provinces and cities. India: Policies and strategies are designed to resolve conflicts arising between developmental and environmental goals. The draft National Environment Policy of 2005, which incorporates the concept of the 3R, is currently under consideration. Indonesia: Major issues regarding waste include a lack of awareness, limited budgets, lack of compliance, and limited access to waste treatment facilities for micro, small and medium enterprises. A coherent national strategy is seen as essential to enhance coordination, synergy, efficiency and effectiveness. Japan: Japan has made substantial progress in achieving greater recycling rates while reducing its final disposal amount. Japan has carried out several initiatives to promote the 3R such as the establishment of grants at the local level, amendment of the “Containers and Packaging Recycling Law,” and launching a multi-stakeholder forum for the promotion of 3R activities. Malaysia: “The National Recycling Programme 2000” was launched and “The National Strategic Plan for Solid Waste Management 2005” is currently being finalized. Waste minimization is recognized as one of the priorities in Malaysia. Strategies are built on three pillars: enhancement of awareness, strengthening of partnerships and development of institutions. Source: Compiled by the Ministry of the Environment from the documents of Senior Officials Meeting on the 3R Initiative The Philippines: “The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act” specifies the following activities: (1) achievement of a recycling rate of 25% or above by 2006 and increasing thereafter, (2) segregation at source and collection, (3) establishment of material recovery facilities, (4) eco-labeling, (5) green procurement. Korea: The following have promoted a sound material-cycle economy: (1) volume-based waste fee, (2) EPR, implemented with mandatory targets for product recovery and recycling, (3) regulations for promoting recycling of construction waste, (4) reduction of food waste. Singapore: Singapore’s strategy towards Zero Landfill and Zero Waste includes (1) volume reduction through incineration, (2) promotion of recycling in industry and in the community, (3) the reduction of waste going to landfills and (4) promotion of reusable bags to reduce usage of plastic bags and introduction of a packaging agreement. Thailand: Thailand has developed a national integrated waste management plan. 3R activities have progressed substantially among industries, NGOs, and civil society. Various international technical cooperation programs are being implemented. Thailand has several good practices addressing the 3R, including take-back schemes for end-of-life products, waste exchange programs and a green purchasing network. Vietnam: The Law on Environmental Protection addresses the import of scrap materials, economic instruments including preferential taxation, technology transfer and promotion of environmental industry. “The National Strategy for Environmental Protection” set various targets for 2010 and 2020. The National 3R Strategy is being developed in collaboration with JICA, UNCRD, IGES, Ministry of Environment of Japan and ADB. Chapter 1: Introduction 3
- Page 2 and 3: 3R in Asia a gap analysis in select
- Page 4 and 5: Rapid economic growth is accompanie
- Page 6 and 7: ii Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Knowledge
- Page 8 and 9: iv Acronyms & Abbreviations 3R Redu
- Page 11 and 12: Foreword Preface Executive Summary
- Page 13: Enormous challenges in developing a
- Page 17 and 18: The objective of the analyses was t
- Page 19 and 20: Strong and Weak represent the level
- Page 21 and 22: BACKGROUND Bangladesh has a populat
- Page 23 and 24: HEALTHCARE WASTE Currently, Banglad
- Page 25 and 26: Recycling ULAB Image source: Waste
- Page 27 and 28: CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
- Page 29 and 30: BACKGROUND Bhutan is a small landlo
- Page 31 and 32: Most of the higher value recyclable
- Page 33 and 34: E-WASTE No published information ex
- Page 35 and 36: CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
- Page 37 and 38: BACKGROUND Brunei Darussalam or Bru
- Page 39 and 40: The NCE was established in 1993 by
- Page 41 and 42: for health settings but the princip
- Page 43 and 44: CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
- Page 45 and 46: BACKGROUND Cambodia currently has a
- Page 47 and 48: Findings On-going difficulties in s
- Page 49 and 50: GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R World
- Page 51 and 52: CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
- Page 53 and 54: BACKGROUND Referred as ‘workshop
- Page 55 and 56: year, an integrated solid waste man
- Page 57 and 58: • Weak infrastructure of disposal
- Page 59 and 60: TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
- Page 61 and 62: Priorities must be set to implement
- Page 63 and 64: BACKGROUND Urbanization and uncontr
<strong>3R</strong> <strong>Gap</strong> <strong>Analysis</strong> and F<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
2<br />
passed on from father to son. These<br />
techniques now rema<strong>in</strong> useless when<br />
confronted with urban waste. These sudden<br />
shifts <strong>in</strong> the culture have brought along<br />
various challenges and chaos <strong>in</strong> solid waste<br />
management. It also makes clear the fact that<br />
the “bus<strong>in</strong>ess-as-usual” scenario cannot<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ue <strong>in</strong> <strong>Asian</strong> countries as long as the<br />
current waste disposal and treatment system<br />
prevail.<br />
These compound<strong>in</strong>g wastes grimly rem<strong>in</strong>d<br />
all stakeholders to adopt and implement <strong>3R</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>itiatives at both-ends, upstream production<br />
and downstream consumption. Executable<br />
and feasible technology frameworks should<br />
be developed. Prior to that, studies should be<br />
conducted to assess the gaps and prevail<strong>in</strong>g<br />
treatment situations.<br />
This report attempts to give a broader<br />
picture of the ongo<strong>in</strong>g <strong>3R</strong> implementation <strong>in</strong><br />
some <strong>Asian</strong> countries. Wastes from three<br />
major sources (urban municipal waste,<br />
healthcare waste and e-waste) have been<br />
considered. This report does not discuss or<br />
comment on any policy dialogues referr<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Urban residuals or Shift<strong>in</strong>g cultures?<br />
Image source: www.3rkh.net<br />
to Transboundary Movement of recyclable<br />
or hazardous waste but might use some<br />
figures to elaborate the scale of recycl<strong>in</strong>g and<br />
downcycl<strong>in</strong>g operations <strong>in</strong> the develop<strong>in</strong>g<br />
countries. It is prepared with the full<br />
<strong>in</strong>tention of identify<strong>in</strong>g the break po<strong>in</strong>ts or<br />
gaps that result to wide spread <strong>in</strong>formal<br />
activities and practices.<br />
It was observed that <strong>in</strong> most of the studied<br />
countries, <strong>in</strong>formal activities highly<br />
dom<strong>in</strong>ate due to lack of fund<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
government <strong>in</strong>itiation, lapse <strong>in</strong> policy and<br />
public ignorance on waste management<br />
issues. Weak activities (for livelihood<br />
purposes) adopt<strong>in</strong>g primitive technologies<br />
and operat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a haphazard manner at the<br />
micro and meso scales are common. Unlike<br />
those <strong>in</strong> developed countries, certa<strong>in</strong> waste<br />
treatment technologies are <strong>in</strong>significant <strong>in</strong><br />
the study countries and have proved to be a<br />
failure due to level of ma<strong>in</strong>tenance, public<br />
opposition, operat<strong>in</strong>g budget and waste<br />
composition.
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