A Gap Analysis in Selected Asian Countries, 3R Knowledge Hub ...

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116 3R Gap Analysis and Findings HEALTHCARE WASTE The Thai institutions that deal with technical matters of healthcare waste management include the Pollution Control Department (PCD), the Department of Health (DH) and the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA). Each institution carries out its own functions rather independently. However, because of differences in the definition of healthcare waste used by each institution, there is inconsistency in the basic data pertaining to healthcare wastes, particularly with respect to the types and generation rate of wastes. Due to reasons cited above, the waste generation rates issued by the BMA, DH and PCD are 0.11, 0.43 and 0.65 kg/ bed/day respectively. A DH commissioned study on the disposal of healthcare wastes by incineration revealed that the average waste generation rate was 0.23 kg/bed/day. By far the most common treatment method of healthcare waste in Thailand is incineration. Presently, the BMA operates two incinerators of 10 tons/day capacity each for the disposal of medical wastes in the Bangkok metropolis. The Department of Public Hygiene (DPH) under the Ministry of Public Health, overseeing the disposal of wastes from hospitals under the Ministry’s jurisdiction, has developed standard incinerator designs of 25, 50, and 100-150 kg/hr capacities. According to the Department of Environmental Health, there are 750 medical waste incinerators installed in the hospitals under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Health all over country. Most of these incinerators have deteriorated, prompting the DPH to start importing incinerators to replace the old ones. Findings The Department of Public Cleansing (DPC) is responsible for planning and implementing the work of public sanitation and disposal of SW. Since 1988, DPC separates infectious waste from municipal waste during the process of collection, transportation and disposal. DPC has facilities to collect infectious waste from hospitals. Nevertheless, if small health services are excluded as private clinics, the coverage is higher at about 70 %. The DPH has designed and disseminated the information to almost all the private healthcare establishments in the country for them to construct, maintain and operate their own incinerators. Reports indicate that most of these incinerators have deteriorated over time and at present, necessitate the importation from foreign countries. However, in the present economic conditions there are second thoughts to this alternative. On the other hand, there is rising advocacy on incineration technologies without proper pollution control equipments. In such a situation, it is essential that healthcare waste reduction and management be done by innovative practices and approaches such as 3R. E-WASTE In Thailand, production, import, and consumption of electrical and electronic products are increasing significantly, thus creating new challenges and environmental issues. Thailand government started to focus on e-waste in 2004 when Pollution Control Department (PCD) established the first research survey, the field survey on discharging of Waste Electric and Electronic Equipments (WEEE) by JETRO in 2004. In Thailand, electrical and electronic industries play a very important role in economy. Data from the Department of Business Economics, Ministry of Commerce shows that the export of electronic products has been the highest among all industries. The main export products include computers, parts, and printed circuit board. Medical waste collection and incineration BMA Image source: www.3rkh.net
In the industrial sector, e-waste is generated during the manufacturing and assembling processes. The survey done by the Ministry of Industry indicates that e-waste accounts for about 10,200 tons of waste/year. In 2003 the amount of e-waste from households in Thailand was referred to be nearly 90,000 tons/year. Thus, it could be observed that the e-waste from manufacturers is only 11% of the total e-waste generated in the country. E-waste from the manufacturing process is not significant in the overall generation. The households’ e-waste is of primary concern in the current management situation in Thailand. Findings There are many informal sector recyclers around Bangkok working as waste collectors, scrap dealers, and waste transfer dealers. Most of the e-waste from households are dismantled and recovered by these informal sectors. The E-waste from Industries in Thailand Categories Wires PCBs Electronic parts Unqualified products CRTs Total Source: Chinagarn Kunacheva, 2006 Local scrap dealers choice-‘E-waste’ Image source: Chinagarn Kunacheva, 2006 Household E-waste in Thailand Type of Appliances Washing machine Refrigerator Air Conditioner Television Computer Computer Monitor Mobile phone TOTAL Sales in 2003 (piece) 580,000 1,000,000 340,000 1,900,000 750,000 550,000 21,730,000 Source: Chinagarn Kunacheva, 2006 Amount (tons/year) 1,818 688 4,274 1,589 1,822 10,191 Weight (kg) 49.2 40.8 51.4 25.3 5.2 10.5 0.1 informal separators separate recyclable e-waste materials (60-70%) and sell them to waste transfer dealers. Wat Suan Kaeo is one of the important informal separators collecting the ewaste generated. Waste transfer dealers sell recyclable parts to the material recycling industry. Most e-waste activities such as dismantling and material recovery are done by bare hands or with small tools in scrap yards or in their own houses. In Thailand, only 12 industries carry out ewaste separation and recycling activities. All of the industries are small scale, using simple techniques of dismantling and separation. The workers in recycling factories are often being exposed to hazardous chemicals by inhalation or direct skin contact with the chemicals during the process of valuable materials recovery. GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R Worldwide, experiences indicate that applying 3R, Reduce, Reuse and Recycle is a lucrative way of tackling waste management issues. The first step in this exercise is an assessment of the technology options available for implementing 3R-based solutions. Proactive policies and relevant legislations emphasizing 3R-based solutions are vital to achieve a higher success Sales in 2003 (Tons) 28,536 40,800 17,476 48,080 3,900 5,775 2,173 36,640,000 Replacement Factors 0.51 0.82 0.67 0.53 0.36 0.20 0.44 146,730 Appliances Generated as Waste (Tons) 14,553 33,456 11,709 25,477 1,404 1,155 956 88,710 (piece) 295,800 820,000 227,800 1,007,000 270,000 110,000 9,561,200 12,291,800 Chapter 3: Country Analysis 117
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3R in Asia a gap analysis in select
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Rapid economic growth is accompanie
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ii Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Knowledge
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iv Acronyms & Abbreviations 3R Redu
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Foreword Preface Executive Summary
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Enormous challenges in developing a
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Country Highlights in Promoting 3R
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The objective of the analyses was t
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Strong and Weak represent the level
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BACKGROUND Bangladesh has a populat
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HEALTHCARE WASTE Currently, Banglad
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Recycling ULAB Image source: Waste
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CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
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BACKGROUND Bhutan is a small landlo
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Most of the higher value recyclable
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E-WASTE No published information ex
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BACKGROUND Brunei Darussalam or Bru
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The NCE was established in 1993 by
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for health settings but the princip
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BACKGROUND Cambodia currently has a
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Findings On-going difficulties in s
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GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R World
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BACKGROUND Referred as ‘workshop
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year, an integrated solid waste man
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• Weak infrastructure of disposal
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TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
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Priorities must be set to implement
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BACKGROUND Urbanization and uncontr
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Quantity and characteristics are tw
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The mandate of the National Task Fo
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BACKGROUND Indonesia, with over 18,
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The Compost Subsidy Project plans t
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Page 77 and 78: BACKGROUND Located in the Pacific O
Page 79 and 80: Eco-Town at Kitakyushu in Japan The
Page 81 and 82: GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R World
Page 83 and 84: CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
Page 85 and 86: BACKGROUND With a population of abo
Page 87 and 88: The Ministry of Environment has bee
Page 89 and 90: SOURCES AND QUANTITIES OF HEALTHCAR
Page 91 and 92: The rightful use of appropriate and
Page 93 and 94: BACKGROUND The Lao People’s Democ
Page 95 and 96: In the national level, Science, Tec
Page 97 and 98: Efforts were made by the Government
Page 101 and 102: BACKGROUND With about 330,000 km 2
Page 103 and 104: nationwide. Malaysia has plans to s
Page 105 and 106: and disposal of hazardous waste; in
Page 109 and 110: BACKGROUND Republic of Philippines
Page 111 and 112: Recyclable waste transported from t
Page 113 and 114: Findings About five years ago, the
Page 117 and 118: BACKGROUND Singapore, an island bet
Page 119 and 120: Participation by households increas
Page 121 and 122: Standards Board (now the National S
Page 123 and 124: Presently, the country relies predo
Page 125 and 126: BACKGROUND Thailand is one of the n
Page 127: Findings Appropriate policies and e
Page 133 and 134: BACKGROUND In recent decades, Vietn
Page 135 and 136: opportunity for waste recycling bus
Page 137 and 138: Findings There is a need to develop
Page 139 and 140: TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
Page 141 and 142: Vietnam’s solid waste management
Page 143 and 144: chapter 4 Conclusions & Recommendat
Page 145 and 146: ABC news, ‘ E-waste China’ (200
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