A Gap Analysis in Selected Asian Countries, 3R Knowledge Hub ...
A Gap Analysis in Selected Asian Countries, 3R Knowledge Hub ... A Gap Analysis in Selected Asian Countries, 3R Knowledge Hub ...
114 3R Gap Analysis and Findings Future solid waste generation depends upon the population growth, consumption, recycling and reuse. Waste composition can be influenced by external factors, such as the population’s standard of living, geographical location, and the weather. Waste composition in Thailand Source: www.3rkh.net Thailand spends an estimated USD 41 million a year on goods and services for MSW management. The solid waste industry is characterized by unsafe practices of open dumping and inefficient administration due to heavy governmental subsidies. However, economic and regulatory pressures are slowly Solid Waste Generation Profile of Thailand Source: Thailand Environment Monitor, 2003 INDICATOR driving the market to adopt a timely and efficient solid waste management technique. Approximately 40% of Thailand’s municipal solid waste is glass, plastic, paper, and metal. These materials have a potential to be recycled and reused commercially in various manufacturing and industrial activities. The Pollution Control Department reports that more than 1.5 million tons of MSW is recycled each year amounting to 11% of the total waste generated. Bangkok alone recycles 15% of its waste; the municipal areas recycle 16% while the non-municipal areas recycle 5-8% of their waste. However, almost 4.5 million tons of commercially recyclable materials are discarded each year. The potential market value of these materials is THB 16 billion per year. Metal and paper, in particular, have tremendous recycling potential and approximately two-thirds of these recyclable materials are currently discarded. The potential of reuse and recycling strategy offers an opportunity to deal the waste in a sustainable manner. Municipal solid waste generation (tons/yr) Hazardous waste produced by community activities (tons/yr) Hazardous waste produced by industries (tons/yr) Non-hazardous waste produced by industries (tons/yr) Hazardous and infectious waste from medical facilities (tons/yr) Collected municipal waste • Bangkok • Medium-sized cities – (Maung municipalities) No. of solid waste disposal sited in Thailand • Organized dumpsites • Open dumps Infectious waste treated Community generated hazardous waste treated or reused Infectious waste treated in centralized treatment facilities in Bangkok and its vicinity Municipal waste recycling and reuse (Portion of total waste generated) • National • Municipal areas • Non-municipal areas Recycling by industries (Portion of toal waste generated in Bangkok and its vicinity • Hazardous waste • Non-hazardous waste VALUE 14.40 million 0.38 million 0.96 million 5.90 million 21,300 >95% 86% 95 330 46% 53% 24% 11% 16% 5-8% 18% 78%
Findings Appropriate policies and enforcing legislations are the primary steps in solid waste management. Solid waste generation in Bangkok has doubled from about 3,300 tons/ day in 1985 to 6,600 tons/day in 1995, to 8300 in 2005. Evidently, solid waste generation is increasing each year. However, not only is the amount of waste production changing, but also the waste composition. In this regard, it is essential to consider that all waste must be collected, sorted accordingly and recycled or reused where possible. Other materials should be properly disposed. Private sector enterprises play a huge role in managing e-waste in Thailand. The Wongpanit Recycling Plant is an icon of 3R business in Thailand. The company recently sought new types of waste capable of being recycled such as polystyrene foam and ewaste. The company began as a small junk shop in 1974 in the province of Phitsanulok in northern Thailand. The business now covers the purchase of non-toxic industrial waste from local suppliers and its transformation into usable raw materials for further manufacturing as well as products. The most notable feature in solid waste management in Bangkok is BMA’s policy of 10% reduction of solid waste per year using the concepts of 3R. Strategies adopted for implementation of these policies can be pulled together as follows (Amin et. al., 2007): MSW Collection fleet, Dumpsite Sai Noi dumpsite • Waste generation prevention • Waste utilization • Proper waste disposal and landfilling of hazardous waste • Improvement in the waste collection efficiency and practices • Promoting public participation • Enhancing collection efficiency • Privatizing collection and disposal of infectious waste There are ample cases of successful community-based solid waste management throughout Thailand, mostly focusing on recycling and reusing, but not so much on waste reduction. Most of the thinking and activities are still focused on how to deal with the waste that has already been produced. Revealing poor source separation of MSW Image source: Asia link TETRAWAMA Project, 2006 Wongpanit Garbage Recycling Plant (Phitsanulok) Image source: Wongpanit Chapter 3: Country Analysis 115
- Page 75 and 76: CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
- Page 77 and 78: BACKGROUND Located in the Pacific O
- Page 79 and 80: Eco-Town at Kitakyushu in Japan The
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- Page 85 and 86: BACKGROUND With a population of abo
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- Page 109 and 110: BACKGROUND Republic of Philippines
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- Page 113 and 114: Findings About five years ago, the
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- Page 117 and 118: BACKGROUND Singapore, an island bet
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F<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
Appropriate policies and enforc<strong>in</strong>g legislations<br />
are the primary steps <strong>in</strong> solid waste<br />
management. Solid waste generation <strong>in</strong><br />
Bangkok has doubled from about 3,300 tons/<br />
day <strong>in</strong> 1985 to 6,600 tons/day <strong>in</strong> 1995, to 8300 <strong>in</strong><br />
2005. Evidently, solid waste generation is<br />
<strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g each year. However, not only is the<br />
amount of waste production chang<strong>in</strong>g, but also<br />
the waste composition. In this regard, it is<br />
essential to consider that all waste must be<br />
collected, sorted accord<strong>in</strong>gly and recycled or<br />
reused where possible. Other materials should<br />
be properly disposed. Private sector enterprises<br />
play a huge role <strong>in</strong> manag<strong>in</strong>g e-waste <strong>in</strong><br />
Thailand. The Wongpanit Recycl<strong>in</strong>g Plant is an<br />
icon of <strong>3R</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>in</strong> Thailand. The company<br />
recently sought new types of waste capable of<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g recycled such as polystyrene foam and ewaste.<br />
The company began as a small junk shop<br />
<strong>in</strong> 1974 <strong>in</strong> the prov<strong>in</strong>ce of Phitsanulok <strong>in</strong><br />
northern Thailand. The bus<strong>in</strong>ess now covers the<br />
purchase of non-toxic <strong>in</strong>dustrial waste from<br />
local suppliers and its transformation <strong>in</strong>to<br />
usable raw materials for further manufactur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
as well as products. The most notable feature <strong>in</strong><br />
solid waste management <strong>in</strong> Bangkok is BMA’s<br />
policy of 10% reduction of solid waste per year<br />
us<strong>in</strong>g the concepts of <strong>3R</strong>. Strategies adopted for<br />
implementation of these policies can be pulled<br />
together as follows (Am<strong>in</strong> et. al., 2007):<br />
MSW Collection fleet, Dumpsite<br />
Sai Noi dumpsite<br />
• Waste generation prevention<br />
• Waste utilization<br />
• Proper waste disposal and landfill<strong>in</strong>g of<br />
hazardous waste<br />
• Improvement <strong>in</strong> the waste collection<br />
efficiency and practices<br />
• Promot<strong>in</strong>g public participation<br />
• Enhanc<strong>in</strong>g collection efficiency<br />
• Privatiz<strong>in</strong>g collection and disposal of<br />
<strong>in</strong>fectious waste<br />
There are ample cases of successful<br />
community-based solid waste management<br />
throughout Thailand, mostly focus<strong>in</strong>g on<br />
recycl<strong>in</strong>g and reus<strong>in</strong>g, but not so much on<br />
waste reduction. Most of the th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g and<br />
activities are still focused on how to deal with<br />
the waste that has already been produced.<br />
Reveal<strong>in</strong>g poor source separation of MSW<br />
Image source: Asia l<strong>in</strong>k TETRAWAMA Project, 2006<br />
Wongpanit Garbage<br />
Recycl<strong>in</strong>g Plant<br />
(Phitsanulok)<br />
Image source: Wongpanit<br />
Chapter 3: Country <strong>Analysis</strong><br />
115
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