A Gap Analysis in Selected Asian Countries, 3R Knowledge Hub ...

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114 3R Gap Analysis and Findings Future solid waste generation depends upon the population growth, consumption, recycling and reuse. Waste composition can be influenced by external factors, such as the population’s standard of living, geographical location, and the weather. Waste composition in Thailand Source: www.3rkh.net Thailand spends an estimated USD 41 million a year on goods and services for MSW management. The solid waste industry is characterized by unsafe practices of open dumping and inefficient administration due to heavy governmental subsidies. However, economic and regulatory pressures are slowly Solid Waste Generation Profile of Thailand Source: Thailand Environment Monitor, 2003 INDICATOR driving the market to adopt a timely and efficient solid waste management technique. Approximately 40% of Thailand’s municipal solid waste is glass, plastic, paper, and metal. These materials have a potential to be recycled and reused commercially in various manufacturing and industrial activities. The Pollution Control Department reports that more than 1.5 million tons of MSW is recycled each year amounting to 11% of the total waste generated. Bangkok alone recycles 15% of its waste; the municipal areas recycle 16% while the non-municipal areas recycle 5-8% of their waste. However, almost 4.5 million tons of commercially recyclable materials are discarded each year. The potential market value of these materials is THB 16 billion per year. Metal and paper, in particular, have tremendous recycling potential and approximately two-thirds of these recyclable materials are currently discarded. The potential of reuse and recycling strategy offers an opportunity to deal the waste in a sustainable manner. Municipal solid waste generation (tons/yr) Hazardous waste produced by community activities (tons/yr) Hazardous waste produced by industries (tons/yr) Non-hazardous waste produced by industries (tons/yr) Hazardous and infectious waste from medical facilities (tons/yr) Collected municipal waste • Bangkok • Medium-sized cities – (Maung municipalities) No. of solid waste disposal sited in Thailand • Organized dumpsites • Open dumps Infectious waste treated Community generated hazardous waste treated or reused Infectious waste treated in centralized treatment facilities in Bangkok and its vicinity Municipal waste recycling and reuse (Portion of total waste generated) • National • Municipal areas • Non-municipal areas Recycling by industries (Portion of toal waste generated in Bangkok and its vicinity • Hazardous waste • Non-hazardous waste VALUE 14.40 million 0.38 million 0.96 million 5.90 million 21,300 >95% 86% 95 330 46% 53% 24% 11% 16% 5-8% 18% 78%
Findings Appropriate policies and enforcing legislations are the primary steps in solid waste management. Solid waste generation in Bangkok has doubled from about 3,300 tons/ day in 1985 to 6,600 tons/day in 1995, to 8300 in 2005. Evidently, solid waste generation is increasing each year. However, not only is the amount of waste production changing, but also the waste composition. In this regard, it is essential to consider that all waste must be collected, sorted accordingly and recycled or reused where possible. Other materials should be properly disposed. Private sector enterprises play a huge role in managing e-waste in Thailand. The Wongpanit Recycling Plant is an icon of 3R business in Thailand. The company recently sought new types of waste capable of being recycled such as polystyrene foam and ewaste. The company began as a small junk shop in 1974 in the province of Phitsanulok in northern Thailand. The business now covers the purchase of non-toxic industrial waste from local suppliers and its transformation into usable raw materials for further manufacturing as well as products. The most notable feature in solid waste management in Bangkok is BMA’s policy of 10% reduction of solid waste per year using the concepts of 3R. Strategies adopted for implementation of these policies can be pulled together as follows (Amin et. al., 2007): MSW Collection fleet, Dumpsite Sai Noi dumpsite • Waste generation prevention • Waste utilization • Proper waste disposal and landfilling of hazardous waste • Improvement in the waste collection efficiency and practices • Promoting public participation • Enhancing collection efficiency • Privatizing collection and disposal of infectious waste There are ample cases of successful community-based solid waste management throughout Thailand, mostly focusing on recycling and reusing, but not so much on waste reduction. Most of the thinking and activities are still focused on how to deal with the waste that has already been produced. Revealing poor source separation of MSW Image source: Asia link TETRAWAMA Project, 2006 Wongpanit Garbage Recycling Plant (Phitsanulok) Image source: Wongpanit Chapter 3: Country Analysis 115
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3R in Asia a gap analysis in select
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Rapid economic growth is accompanie
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ii Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Knowledge
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iv Acronyms & Abbreviations 3R Redu
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Foreword Preface Executive Summary
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Enormous challenges in developing a
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Country Highlights in Promoting 3R
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The objective of the analyses was t
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Strong and Weak represent the level
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BACKGROUND Bangladesh has a populat
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HEALTHCARE WASTE Currently, Banglad
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Recycling ULAB Image source: Waste
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CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
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BACKGROUND Bhutan is a small landlo
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Most of the higher value recyclable
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E-WASTE No published information ex
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BACKGROUND Brunei Darussalam or Bru
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The NCE was established in 1993 by
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for health settings but the princip
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BACKGROUND Cambodia currently has a
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Findings On-going difficulties in s
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GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R World
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BACKGROUND Referred as ‘workshop
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year, an integrated solid waste man
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• Weak infrastructure of disposal
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TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
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Priorities must be set to implement
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BACKGROUND Urbanization and uncontr
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Quantity and characteristics are tw
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The mandate of the National Task Fo
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BACKGROUND Indonesia, with over 18,
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The Compost Subsidy Project plans t
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Page 85 and 86: BACKGROUND With a population of abo
Page 87 and 88: The Ministry of Environment has bee
Page 89 and 90: SOURCES AND QUANTITIES OF HEALTHCAR
Page 91 and 92: The rightful use of appropriate and
Page 93 and 94: BACKGROUND The Lao People’s Democ
Page 95 and 96: In the national level, Science, Tec
Page 97 and 98: Efforts were made by the Government
Page 101 and 102: BACKGROUND With about 330,000 km 2
Page 103 and 104: nationwide. Malaysia has plans to s
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Page 109 and 110: BACKGROUND Republic of Philippines
Page 111 and 112: Recyclable waste transported from t
Page 113 and 114: Findings About five years ago, the
Page 117 and 118: BACKGROUND Singapore, an island bet
Page 119 and 120: Participation by households increas
Page 121 and 122: Standards Board (now the National S
Page 123 and 124: Presently, the country relies predo
Page 125: BACKGROUND Thailand is one of the n
Page 129 and 130: In the industrial sector, e-waste i
Page 133 and 134: BACKGROUND In recent decades, Vietn
Page 135 and 136: opportunity for waste recycling bus
Page 137 and 138: Findings There is a need to develop
Page 139 and 140: TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
Page 141 and 142: Vietnam’s solid waste management
Page 143 and 144: chapter 4 Conclusions & Recommendat
Page 145 and 146: ABC news, ‘ E-waste China’ (200
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