A Gap Analysis in Selected Asian Countries, 3R Knowledge Hub ...

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108 3R Gap Analysis and Findings Findings Health care waste management in Singapore is managed at the national level by a committee comprising representatives from the National Environment Agency (NEA), Ministry of Health (MoH) and Ministry of National Development of Singapore. Specific guidelines are provided by MoH for all healthcare institutions licensed under the PHMC Act as well as regular audits to ensure compliance. Only licensed collectors are allowed to gather and incinerate bio-hazardous waste in their approved high temperature incinerators. Though there are notable hospitals engaged in green practices and waste minimization, a general lack of information on the level of 3R and waste minimization adopted in hospitals still prevails. E-WASTE In a technologically advanced country like Singapore, tackling e-waste is an important task. A survey released by Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore shows that an overwhelming 84-85% of those in the age group 10-29 are computer users. According to the NEA, the situation of e-waste is not worrisome as most electronic goods such as computers, printers and hand phones are either traded-in where new sets are bought, or resold to secondhand dealers. The used electronics bought or collected by these traders are either refurbished and exported overseas for reuse, or sent to local recycling facilities. There are several electronic waste recycling facilities in Singapore where electronic waste, or e-waste, is taken apart and useful materials such as metals and plastics are recovered for recycling. Precious metals such as gold, silver and platinum are also extracted from some e-waste. Currently no reliable data source is available for the generation of e-waste in Singapore, but NEP is satisfied with the current situation and it continues to review the situation regularly. Available information indicates that one company, Citiraya in Singapore, collects and recycles e-waste from around the world. Since around 1990, Citiraya has been operating a recycling business for wastes, such as defective products generated by the semi-conductor industry during production to recover the precious metals contained. The company takes computers and other electronic goods collected by manufacturers and clients, primarily corporations, in China and other countries. Citiraya has also invested in pollution controls and reports the results of gas emission and effluent monitoring to the Ministry of the Environment. An e-waste recovery plant has also been reported in Tuas. In addition, the Cimelia Resource Recovery is among a handful of recyclers in Singapore that handle electronic waste. Findings Information on generation and recycling rates of e-waste in Singapore is not currently available though there are several recycling facilities available for electronic waste. Sufficient and clear information about recycling of different types of electronic waste is not available. GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R TECHNOLOGY GAPS Waste management has been an ever-pressing issue for the country owing to its limited land area and drastically changing consumer preferences. Industrialization and an increasing flow of goods due to the country’s strategic location have widened the waste management horizon. Presently, the country relies predominantly on incineration which is followed by landfill disposal. However realizing that these approaches are not sustainable, the government has started turning towards recycling and resource recovery. With proactive policies and legislative measures in place, the country is moving forward in this direction. As far as applying 3R is concerned, it appears that appropriate technologies are either not available or are not reported. MANAGEMENT ASPECTS Singapore has announced plans to become the recycling center of the ASEAN region. It set up a task force in 2001 comprising representatives from the Economic Development Board, the Trade Development Board (now International Enterprise Singapore), the Productivity and
Standards Board (now the National Science and Technology Board), and others, which compiled an action plan aimed at making Singapore a Center of Excellence for recycling in the ASEAN region within 10 years. This action plan highlights the following four areas: • To create a pro-environment culture both in the corporate world and in the community. • To develop an effective supporting infrastructure to help nurture the wasterecycling industry. • To build strong foundations for technology development and innovative application of technology. • To create a vibrant waste management industry. Singapore is one of the countries in Southeast Asia known for its rapid industrialization. Its growth in recent years has attracted, tourists, and a significant migrant population in search of employment opportunities. All these, both directly and indirectly, reflect in the form of pressure to meet the country’s needs. With constraints on availability of land and increasing movement of goods, tourists, and migrant populations; it is important that the country takes proactive measures to maintain its present environmental condition. TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R IN SINGAPORE Reduce Status Reuse Status Urban Municipal Waste E-Waste Healthcare Waste Formal, Strong Formal but weak Resource Conservation Product Lifetime Extension Waste Reduction Resource Conservation Product Lifetime Extension Waste Reduction Easier Disassembly Remaining Life Assessment Easier Disassembly Remaining Life Assessment Recycle Thermal Recovery Fuel Recovery Material Recovery Sorting Pulverizing Composting Incineration Collection Material Recovery Sorting Pulverizing Collection Material Recovery Sorting Pulverizing Incineration Collection Informal, Weak Technology Gap Informal but Strong No Information Status Chapter 3: Country Analysis 109
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3R in Asia a gap analysis in select
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Rapid economic growth is accompanie
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ii Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Knowledge
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iv Acronyms & Abbreviations 3R Redu
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Foreword Preface Executive Summary
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Enormous challenges in developing a
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Country Highlights in Promoting 3R
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The objective of the analyses was t
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Strong and Weak represent the level
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BACKGROUND Bangladesh has a populat
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HEALTHCARE WASTE Currently, Banglad
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Recycling ULAB Image source: Waste
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CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
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BACKGROUND Bhutan is a small landlo
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Most of the higher value recyclable
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E-WASTE No published information ex
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BACKGROUND Brunei Darussalam or Bru
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The NCE was established in 1993 by
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for health settings but the princip
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BACKGROUND Cambodia currently has a
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Findings On-going difficulties in s
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GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R World
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BACKGROUND Referred as ‘workshop
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year, an integrated solid waste man
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• Weak infrastructure of disposal
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TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
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Priorities must be set to implement
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BACKGROUND Urbanization and uncontr
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Quantity and characteristics are tw
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The mandate of the National Task Fo
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Page 71 and 72: BACKGROUND Indonesia, with over 18,
Page 73 and 74: The Compost Subsidy Project plans t
Page 77 and 78: BACKGROUND Located in the Pacific O
Page 79 and 80: Eco-Town at Kitakyushu in Japan The
Page 81 and 82: GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R World
Page 85 and 86: BACKGROUND With a population of abo
Page 87 and 88: The Ministry of Environment has bee
Page 89 and 90: SOURCES AND QUANTITIES OF HEALTHCAR
Page 91 and 92: The rightful use of appropriate and
Page 93 and 94: BACKGROUND The Lao People’s Democ
Page 95 and 96: In the national level, Science, Tec
Page 97 and 98: Efforts were made by the Government
Page 101 and 102: BACKGROUND With about 330,000 km 2
Page 103 and 104: nationwide. Malaysia has plans to s
Page 105 and 106: and disposal of hazardous waste; in
Page 109 and 110: BACKGROUND Republic of Philippines
Page 111 and 112: Recyclable waste transported from t
Page 113 and 114: Findings About five years ago, the
Page 117 and 118: BACKGROUND Singapore, an island bet
Page 119: Participation by households increas
Page 123 and 124: Presently, the country relies predo
Page 125 and 126: BACKGROUND Thailand is one of the n
Page 127 and 128: Findings Appropriate policies and e
Page 129 and 130: In the industrial sector, e-waste i
Page 133 and 134: BACKGROUND In recent decades, Vietn
Page 135 and 136: opportunity for waste recycling bus
Page 137 and 138: Findings There is a need to develop
Page 139 and 140: TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
Page 141 and 142: Vietnam’s solid waste management
Page 143 and 144: chapter 4 Conclusions & Recommendat
Page 145 and 146: ABC news, ‘ E-waste China’ (200
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