A Gap Analysis in Selected Asian Countries, 3R Knowledge Hub ...

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100 3R Gap Analysis and Findings MSW composition in the Philippines Source: www.3rkh.net HEALTHCARE WASTE Hospitals generate about 10,000 tons of healthcare waste annually. There are about 3,670 health care facilities in Metro Manila alone. Based on the recent surveys conducted, it is estimated that these healthcare facilities generate about 47 tons of waste per day. Given the current level of segregation, about 27 tons per day (about 56%), is considered infectious or potentially infectious. Of the 18 hospitals and clinics surveyed under a study by ADB, all of them are separating sharps such as syringes, scalpels and similar items, from the rest of the wastes. The syringes are usually placed in plastic containers designed to hold sharps (safety boxes) or in other containers such as hard plastic bottles, cans or plastic gallon containers lined with plastic bags. Most of the sharps are given to a private contractor for treatment and disposal. The rest is buried at the site, disposed, incinerated, or burned in improvised combustion units. Healthcare Waste Generation in Metro Manila Type of Facility Accredited Hospitals Government Private Health Centers Medical Clinics Dental Clinics Veterinary Clinics Pharmaceutical Labs Blood Banks Funeral Parlors Medical Schools Research Institutions Source: www.3rkh.net Non-infectious Waste (kg/day) 5,971 3,996 802 2,580 5,880 372 5,772 204 1,176 132 48 Disinfection of infectious waste is carried-out in about 80% of the hospitals surveyed using either steam sterilization or chemical methods. Infectious wastes are stored in yellow plastic bags or in containers that are properly labeled. Almost half of the infectious wastes are given to a private contractor for treatment and disposal. The rest is buried at the site, disposed at a dumpsite, discharged into a sewer, or incinerated. All of the hospitals surveyed indicated that they separate medical wastes from general wastes. Almost all (90%) of the hospitals practice color-coding in storing their wastes while the rest do otherwise. Only three of the hospitals surveyed have access to incineration, either on-site or off-site. The ADB study further indicates that in dental clinics, veterinary clinics, diagnostic and laboratory clinics, and mortuaries/funeral parlors, general wastes are typically stored in plastic bags and disposed through open burning or collected by a municipal waste collector. Sharps are separated from other healthcare waste and are placed in plastic containers, which are eventually taken to the municipality’s dumpsite. Infectious or potentially infectious wastes are not disinfected prior to disposal. Pharmaceutical wastes are directly flushed into the sewer or disposed at the disposal site. Most healthcare wastes currently are separated from the general wastes, but often are mixed with other wastes during disposal. Total (kg/day) 6,850 4,584 1,203 3,870 1,960 93 1,443 51 196 33 12 Infectious Waste (kg/day) 12,821 8.580 2,005 6,450 7,840 465 7,215 255 1,372 165 60
Findings About five years ago, the Department of Health (DoH) completed the acquisition of various types of equipment (including 25 incinerators and 36 small microwave units) for its hospitals. The capacity of the incinerators ranges from 300 to 500 kg/day while that of microwaves ranges from 84 to 144 kg/shift. Out of the 35 units acquired for DoH facilities nationwide, four are operational, 17 are functional but not operational, and 14 are defective. The DoH reported that 13 microwave units were installed in Metro Manila but only one is operational. The IWMI facilities charge between PHP 28 and PHP 76 per kg of medical waste collected, treated and disposed. Primarily, the price difference is a function of distance from the treatment facilities. The present incineration facility operated by IWMl does not have air pollution control equipment. Ash collected from the combustion process is disposed on-site in a cement vault. On the other hand, the company providing disinfection by means of microwaves has had formal complaints from neighbors living near the site due to the generation of unpleasant odors. Furthermore, the company currently does not seem to have access to a well-designed final disposal site. E-WASTE As far as e-wastes are concerned, no published studies have been conducted to estimate its volume and disposition in the country. It is reported that over a span of 10 years, from 1995 to 2005, about 25 million units of televisions, air conditioners, washing machines, refrigerators, and radios became obsolete. It is projected that by 2010, an additional 14 million will become obsolete. About two million units of Used Lead Acid batteries (ULAB) are discarded each year. This translates to 26,000 metric tons of discarded lead, four million liters of used sulfuric acid electrolyte, and a significant volume of plastics that can be recycled. Because of the hazardous chemicals in the ULABs, its management is regulated by the Republic Act 6969, also known as the Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990. Most used lead acid batteries come from automobiles, stand-by power supply and other transportation equipment. As the suppliers have the responsibility of managing ULABs, dealers usually buy them back when customers make new purchases. Recycling of ULABs is done to recover its lead contents, which can be used in the production of new batteries. The escalating cost of lead importation has induced the local industry to develop recycling alternatives. The Philippine battery recycling industry is characterized by one dominant recycler (Philippine Recyclers, Inc.), a few small licensed, and therefore legitimate recyclers, and thousands of unregulated cottage smelters spread out all over the country. Only the legitimate recyclers have the smelting technology to properly process the scrap batteries to recover metal from battery active materials. The cottage smelters merely melt the metal from batteries and indiscriminately discard their waste non-metallic materials and acid. The Balik Baterya or battery trade-in program involving more than 300 battery dealers of the Ramcar Group strengthens the recovery of ULABs. Similarly, scrap collection events in industrial zones, commercial centers and communities serve as promotional campaigns as well as networking opportunities to develop agreements with institutions for the committed disposal of their scrap batteries through the program. Partnerships with the small recyclers are also being forged to allow them to become more efficient suppliers of lead and lead bearing materials. Findings Only very few facilities handle e-waste in the Philippines. Five of them are small and medium-sized facilities, two are transporters and treaters while three are merely transporters. In the two facilities, one does re-manufacturing and dismantling of personal computers while the other one reclaims nonferrous and precious metals from the waste of the semiconductor firms. These two companies are hardly enough to cope with the large volume of e-waste produced in the country along with imported Chapter 3: Country Analysis 101
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3R in Asia a gap analysis in select
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Rapid economic growth is accompanie
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ii Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Knowledge
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iv Acronyms & Abbreviations 3R Redu
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Foreword Preface Executive Summary
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Enormous challenges in developing a
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Country Highlights in Promoting 3R
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The objective of the analyses was t
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Strong and Weak represent the level
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BACKGROUND Bangladesh has a populat
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HEALTHCARE WASTE Currently, Banglad
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Recycling ULAB Image source: Waste
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CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
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BACKGROUND Bhutan is a small landlo
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Most of the higher value recyclable
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E-WASTE No published information ex
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BACKGROUND Brunei Darussalam or Bru
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The NCE was established in 1993 by
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for health settings but the princip
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BACKGROUND Cambodia currently has a
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Findings On-going difficulties in s
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GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R World
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BACKGROUND Referred as ‘workshop
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year, an integrated solid waste man
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• Weak infrastructure of disposal
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TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
Page 61 and 62: Priorities must be set to implement
Page 63 and 64: BACKGROUND Urbanization and uncontr
Page 65 and 66: Quantity and characteristics are tw
Page 67 and 68: The mandate of the National Task Fo
Page 69 and 70: CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
Page 71 and 72: BACKGROUND Indonesia, with over 18,
Page 73 and 74: The Compost Subsidy Project plans t
Page 77 and 78: BACKGROUND Located in the Pacific O
Page 79 and 80: Eco-Town at Kitakyushu in Japan The
Page 81 and 82: GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R World
Page 85 and 86: BACKGROUND With a population of abo
Page 87 and 88: The Ministry of Environment has bee
Page 89 and 90: SOURCES AND QUANTITIES OF HEALTHCAR
Page 91 and 92: The rightful use of appropriate and
Page 93 and 94: BACKGROUND The Lao People’s Democ
Page 95 and 96: In the national level, Science, Tec
Page 97 and 98: Efforts were made by the Government
Page 101 and 102: BACKGROUND With about 330,000 km 2
Page 103 and 104: nationwide. Malaysia has plans to s
Page 105 and 106: and disposal of hazardous waste; in
Page 109 and 110: BACKGROUND Republic of Philippines
Page 111: Recyclable waste transported from t
Page 117 and 118: BACKGROUND Singapore, an island bet
Page 119 and 120: Participation by households increas
Page 121 and 122: Standards Board (now the National S
Page 123 and 124: Presently, the country relies predo
Page 125 and 126: BACKGROUND Thailand is one of the n
Page 127 and 128: Findings Appropriate policies and e
Page 129 and 130: In the industrial sector, e-waste i
Page 133 and 134: BACKGROUND In recent decades, Vietn
Page 135 and 136: opportunity for waste recycling bus
Page 137 and 138: Findings There is a need to develop
Page 139 and 140: TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
Page 141 and 142: Vietnam’s solid waste management
Page 143 and 144: chapter 4 Conclusions & Recommendat
Page 145 and 146: ABC news, ‘ E-waste China’ (200
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