A Gap Analysis in Selected Asian Countries, 3R Knowledge Hub ...

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90 3R Gap Analysis and Findings Currently, most waste is disposed in landfills, but due to rapid development and lack of space for new landfills, big cities in Malaysia have been switching to incineration. The main components of the waste were found to be food, paper and plastic, which make up almost 80% of the waste by weight. The figure below presents the composition of MSW in Malaysia. The average moisture content of the MSW was about 55%, making incineration a challenging task. Calorific value of MSW varies between 1,500 and 2,600 kcal/kg. However, the energy potential from an incineration plant consuming about 1,500 tons of waste/day with an average calorific value of 2200 kcal/kg is assessed to be at 640 kw/day. Calorific value of the MSW has allowed the Government of Malaysia to promote thermal treatment to partly solve both waste management problems currently being faced by major cities and to recover energy through incineration. In Malaysia, local authorities spend up to 60% of annual budget for waste management (UNEP, 2007). Despite efforts to promote 3R through a nation wide campaign, the amount of waste recycled is less than 5%. The Government of Malaysia (GoM) has privatized SWM and has adopted an integrated waste management system in its efforts to minimize environmental degradation. Since 1997, two companies identified by GoM, Alam Flora Sdn Bhd (AFSB) and Southern Waste Management Sdn Bhd (SWMSB) have been engaged in interim management contracts with the local Composition of Municipal Solid Waste Source: www.3rkh.net Urban refuse in Malaysia Image source: Asia-link -TETRAWAMA Project 2006 authorities within their respective concession areas. One private waste concessionaire has undertaken a pilot project to compost green waste in its landfill. The concessionaire has targeted to compost 8% of the collected waste. Very few manufacturers and companies are doing much for recycling. As a significant proportion of municipal solid waste in Malaysia comprises of plastic carry bags, a pilot project for Reducing Plastic Carrier Bag Waste has been put forward. The project has been under experimentation since 2001. A strategic plan for solid waste management, composting, RDF, recycling of tyres and plastic are under research. A collaborative project “Structuring and Institutionalizing Solid Waste Management in Penang” was launched in 2006 between the Penang State Government, UNDP and local authorities in Penang, the Majlis Perbandaran Pulau Pinang and Majlis Perbandaran Seberang Prai. Findings Only about 2-5% of waste in Malaysia is recycled. A large amount of solid waste is straining existing landfill sites, and the majority of disposal sites are merely opens dumps. Malaysia’s commitment to private sector involvement in environmental management and infrastructure development has led to many significant environmental programs
nationwide. Malaysia has plans to set-up more incinerators to deal with mounting piles of waste in landfills. Strategic plans for solid waste management, composting, RDF, recycling of tyres and plastic are under research. The government relaunched its recycling campaign in 2000 targeting 22% of waste to be recycled by 2020. Composting is still being studied but not as a priority activity now. The Malaysian government’s plans to build solid waste incinerators are disincentives for communities to practice waste reduction. Without relevant legislations and proper enforcement, the country is facing difficulties in implementing waste reduction programs. In order to formulate Action Plans for the Federal and Local Governments and Guidelines to Promote Waste Minimization in line with the National Strategic Plan for Solid Waste Management in Malaysia, a joint study was launched by the Government of Malaysia and the Government of Japan. The Ministry of Housing and Local Government has also taken the lead in promoting and establishing recycling systems. However, despite the government’s efforts data shows that the rate of recycling of solid waste remains at about 2 to 5% per year. HEALTHCARE WASTE As of 2003, Malaysia had 118 government hospitals and healthcare centers (28,500 beds), seven special medical institutions (6,300 beds) and 220 private hospitals (9,000 beds). On an average, a waste generation rate of 1.9 kg/bed/ day has been reported. Malaysia’s healthcare waste management was privatized in 1995. A number of regional and on-site medical waste incinerators were built. Currently there are five regional medical waste incinerators with different capacities of 20 to 500 kg/hr. Three more incinerators with capacities of 200 kg/hr have been planned and are yet to be built. There are seven small on-site healthcare waste incinerators with 20kg/hr and 50kg/hr capacities. Following the Healthcare Waste Management Plan 2005 developed by the Ministry of Health, Peninsular Malaysia was divided into three healthcare waste management zones. Each zone was contracted a concession to a private company for 15 years. Within the concession zone, the private contractor was required to provide bins and bags for primary and secondary collection, storage, external transport, and a central localized incinerator for special healthcare waste generated at the hospitals. Findings Healthcare waste management in Malaysia was privatized with incineration facilities adhering to the standards for emissions to those of the European Union. Lack of published and reliable information on recycling activities and other green practices in the hospitals has been a major issue hindering decision-making at the country level. It could be observed that incineration is the preferred mode of disposing healthcare wastes in the country with an uncertainty on the efficiency of the systems though. Hospital Lam Wah EE has set an example for the rest health sectors within the country in recycling its waste. Hospital Lam Wah EE Staff attending its waste Image source: Hospital Lam Wah EE Chapter 3: Country Analysis 91
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3R in Asia a gap analysis in select
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Rapid economic growth is accompanie
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ii Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Knowledge
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iv Acronyms & Abbreviations 3R Redu
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Foreword Preface Executive Summary
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Enormous challenges in developing a
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Country Highlights in Promoting 3R
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The objective of the analyses was t
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Strong and Weak represent the level
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BACKGROUND Bangladesh has a populat
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HEALTHCARE WASTE Currently, Banglad
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Recycling ULAB Image source: Waste
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CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
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BACKGROUND Bhutan is a small landlo
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Most of the higher value recyclable
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E-WASTE No published information ex
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BACKGROUND Brunei Darussalam or Bru
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The NCE was established in 1993 by
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for health settings but the princip
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BACKGROUND Cambodia currently has a
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Findings On-going difficulties in s
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GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R World
Page 51 and 52: CURRENT SITUATION OF NATIONAL POLIC
Page 53 and 54: BACKGROUND Referred as ‘workshop
Page 55 and 56: year, an integrated solid waste man
Page 57 and 58: • Weak infrastructure of disposal
Page 59 and 60: TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
Page 61 and 62: Priorities must be set to implement
Page 63 and 64: BACKGROUND Urbanization and uncontr
Page 65 and 66: Quantity and characteristics are tw
Page 67 and 68: The mandate of the National Task Fo
Page 71 and 72: BACKGROUND Indonesia, with over 18,
Page 73 and 74: The Compost Subsidy Project plans t
Page 77 and 78: BACKGROUND Located in the Pacific O
Page 79 and 80: Eco-Town at Kitakyushu in Japan The
Page 81 and 82: GAPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R World
Page 85 and 86: BACKGROUND With a population of abo
Page 87 and 88: The Ministry of Environment has bee
Page 89 and 90: SOURCES AND QUANTITIES OF HEALTHCAR
Page 91 and 92: The rightful use of appropriate and
Page 93 and 94: BACKGROUND The Lao People’s Democ
Page 95 and 96: In the national level, Science, Tec
Page 97 and 98: Efforts were made by the Government
Page 101: BACKGROUND With about 330,000 km 2
Page 105 and 106: and disposal of hazardous waste; in
Page 109 and 110: BACKGROUND Republic of Philippines
Page 111 and 112: Recyclable waste transported from t
Page 113 and 114: Findings About five years ago, the
Page 117 and 118: BACKGROUND Singapore, an island bet
Page 119 and 120: Participation by households increas
Page 121 and 122: Standards Board (now the National S
Page 123 and 124: Presently, the country relies predo
Page 125 and 126: BACKGROUND Thailand is one of the n
Page 127 and 128: Findings Appropriate policies and e
Page 129 and 130: In the industrial sector, e-waste i
Page 133 and 134: BACKGROUND In recent decades, Vietn
Page 135 and 136: opportunity for waste recycling bus
Page 137 and 138: Findings There is a need to develop
Page 139 and 140: TECHNOLOGY STATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATIO
Page 141 and 142: Vietnam’s solid waste management
Page 143 and 144: chapter 4 Conclusions & Recommendat
Page 145 and 146: ABC news, ‘ E-waste China’ (200
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